Bài tập về phương thức cấu tạo từ tiếng Anh

Nội dung text: Bài tập về phương thức cấu tạo từ tiếng Anh

1. BÀI TẬP VỀ PHƯƠNG THỨC CẤU TẠO TỪ Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. Opera singer Maria Callas was known for her ___, powerful voice. A. intensity B. intensify C. intense D. intensely 2. Many readers will disagree with the selection and the assessments as any guide will invevitably be ___ A. subject B. subjected C. subjective D. Subjectivism 3. Politicians___blame the media if they don’t win the election. They’re so predictable. A variable B. variety C. various D. invariably 4. This is very ___! Can’t you practise your violin somewhere else? A. convenient B. conveniently C. Inconvenient D. convenience 5. I would like to show you my lastest ___, which I have called “Boasts on a Lake” A. creativity B. creator C. create D. creation 6. During the festival ___ were hanging from every tree. A. decorator B. decorations C. decorative D. decorativeness 7. He offered to give me a ___ of how the machine worked. A. demonstrator B. demonstration C. demonstrate D. demonstrative 8. Those countries are___ on other countries for most of their food. A. dependent B. independence C. dependable D. dependability 9. He acted in an extremely ___ manner, which made him very unpopular A. dictation B. dictatorial C. dictate D. dictatorship 10. He hoped the ___ agency would find him a job. A. employee B. unemployed C. employer D. employment Exercise 2: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. I’m afraid they weren’t very ___ about your idea of going out this evening. A. enthusiastically B. enthusiastic C. enthusiasm D. enthusiast 2. The student did not do well in the class; he had a problem with ___ A. absent B. absently C. absence D. absenteeism 3. The information in that article is ___ inaccurate. A. historian B. historial C. history D. historically 4. Some people show ___ attitude toward the misery of others, totally untouched by their suffering. A. passionate B. dispassionate C. passion D. passionately 5. The charity organization received a large gift from the ___. A. donation B. donor C. donate D. donated 6. The sick child must stay away from others because he has a ___disease. A.communicate B. communicable C. communicator D. communication 1
2. 7. The technician applying for the position was asked to supply a ___ list of her former places of employment. A. chronological B. chronologically C. chronologist D. chronology 8. I do not understand what these results ___. A. significant B. sgnify C. significance D. significantly 9. They said my illness was ___. Don’t they realize I’m in a lot of pain? A. immagianry B. imagination C. imagine D. imaginative 10. She was much less ___student than her sister. A. industrial B. industrious C. industrialist D. industrialized Exercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. It was very ___of you to notice that. A. observant B. observatory C. observation D. observe 2. There is a ___ of carrots because of the bad weather. A. shortly B. shorten C. shortage D. short 3. The factory manager was so ___ that the employees left in disgust A. dictator B. dictatorial C. dictatorship D. dictate 4. Their failure to act is ___ of their lack of interest A. indicate B. indicator C. indication D. indicative 5. The company was ___ and made a tremendous amount of money. A. progress B. progressive C. progression D. progressively 6. The ___ account given by the witness convinced the jury of the plaintiff’s right to a settlement. A. description B. desciribing C. desciptive D. describe 7. We drove at five miles an hour because the ___ was so poor. A. visible B. visual C. view D. visibility 8. They handled the merchandise ___ for the manufacturer. A. exclude B. exclusion C. exclusive D. exclusively 9. The job was done ___, and we were extremely displeased. A. incompetence B. incompetency C. competence D. incompetently 10. “Since the goal seems ___, I believe we should begin at once,” Tom argued. A. achievements B. achieve C. achievable D. achieving Exercise 4: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. She seemed always to speak ___, especially at our club meeting. A. controversy B. controversial C. Controversially D. controvert 2. When the automobile salesman described the car so ___, we became very uneasy about buying it. A. ambiguity B. ambiguousness C. ambiguous D. ambiguously 2
3. 3. He is under 25, hard- working and ___. A. energy B. energize C. energizing D. energetic. 4. Phil was sentenced to three years’ ___ for his part in the robbery. A. prisoner B. imprison C. imprisonment D. prison 5. Julia is being kept in an isolation ward because she is highly ___. A. infectious B. infection C. infected D. infecting 6. The Pikes live in a four- bedroomed bungalow in a very nice ___ area. A. residing B. resident C. residence D. residential 7. Don’t put David in charge of arranging the theatre trip; he’s too ___. A. organized B. disorganized C. unorganized D. inorganized. 8. The rhinoceros, whose numbers have dropped alarmingly recently, has been declared a/an ___ species. A. danger B. endanger C. endangered D. dangerous. 9. David’s compositions are full of mistakes but they are very ___. A. imaginative B. imaginary C. imagination D. imaginable 10. Sicentists always ___ their idea before writing up the results of their research. A. analyse B. analysis C. analyses D. Analyst Exercise 5: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. Our professor ___ said we should turn in the assignment on Friday. A. specific B. soecifically C. specifying D. specifyingly 2. Students can gain ___ benefits form learning to work together. A. considerate B. considering C. consideration D. considerable 3. The ___ dressed woman in the advertisement has a posed smile on her face. A. stylish B. stylishly C. stylistic D. stylistically 4. Most people can ___ clearly between a real and stimulated smile. A. differ B. different C. difference D. differentiate 5. Many citizens say they are ___ of the political policies of the candidates in a local election. A. ignoring B. ignorant C. ignorantly D. ingnorance 6. Although the professor gave ___ directions for the research paper, I was still confused. A. define B. definite C. definitely D. definition 7. I am currently researching the reasons why birds ___ in water. A. migrate B. migrating C. migrant D. migration 8. During the Industrial Revoilution, there was a complete ___ of society in urban areas. A. transforming B. transformer C. transformation D. transformable 9. It’s a very depressed area and almost 20 % of young adults are ___. A. employed B. unemployed C. employment D. unemployment 3
4. 10. I don’t know why it caused so much ___ A. embarrass B. embarrassed C. embarrassing D. embarrassment BÀI TẬP CHỌN TỪ - SỰ KẾT HỢP TỪ: Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. “How was your exam?” “A couple of questions were tricky, but on the ___ it was pretty easy.” A. spot B.general C. hand D. whole 2. If you practice regularly, you can learn thia language skill in short ___ of a time. A. period B. aspect C. arrangement D. activity 3. Students can ___ a lot of information just by taking an active part in class. A. concern B. install C. appear D. memorize 4. A few years ago, a fire ___ much of an overcrowed part of the city. A. battled B. devastated C. mopped D. developed 5. I have learned a lot about the value of labour form my ___ at home. A. credit B. ebergy C. chores D. pot plants 6. Although he tried to hide it, it was ___that Peter didn’t like his birthday present. A. foolish B. basic C. obvious D. vigorous 7. Environemental groups try to stop farmers from using harmful ___ on their crops. A. economy B. agriculate C. investments D. chemicals 8. If you ___ too much on study, you will get tired and stressed. A. concentrate B. develop C. organize D. complain 9. Good heath and methods of study are very necessary, or ___ for success in college. A. avaible B. dependable C. essential D. efficicient 10. In order to ___ their goals in college, students need to invest the maximum amount f time, money, and energy in their studies. A. manage B. catch C. establish D. achieve Exercise 2: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. Parents have great hopes of great ___ when they send their children to school. A. wishes B. obligations C. ecpectations D. plans 2. No one ever takes any notices of what I say. They never give ___ to what I say. A. reply B. opinion C. attention D. support. 3. She has changed so much that I didn’t ___ her right away. A. admit B. recognize C. know D. believe 4. After graduation, she found ___ with a local finance company. A. career B. workplace C. service D. employment 4
5. 5. Educatnion in Britain has improved since the government started a programme of educational ___ A. reform B. resources C. experience D. system 6. The group leader wanted that everyone worked together; she asked for everyone’s ___. A. combination B. responsibility C. competion D. copperation 7. With hard work and study, you can ___ the goals you set for yourself. A. establish B. succeed C. achieve D. increase 8. David never wastes in his time; he tries to improve himself at every ___. A. technique B. opportunity C. consideration D. operation 9. All the students in the school are free to ___ any youth club they wish. A. perform B. become C. join D. participate 10. His ___, has always been to become a movie director. He wants very much to achieve it. A. direction B. ambition C. business D. study Exercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. All the negative violence on television has had a negative ___ on children. A. damage B. programme C. process D. effect 2. My mother ___ for an anvironmental group. She helps raise money to protect wildlife A. indentifies B. encourages C. shares D. volunteers 3. Students can ___ a lot of information just by attending claas and taking good notes of the lectures. A. absorb B. provide C. transmit D. read 4. Some people ___ that you can learn more by travelling to a place than by reading about it. They say firmly that it is true. A. require B. encourage C. insist D. offer 5. Electric cars are better for the environment. ___, they can save money con gas. A. In brief B. In conclusion C. In constrast D. In addition 6. Overpopulation tends ro create conditions which may result in ___ of food in developing countries A. supplies B. surpluses C. shortages D.failures 7. Because of the intensive farming, it’s now hard to find certain wild birds in the region. Actually, the have become ___ birds. A. unknown B. fightened C. hungry D. rare 8. While some areas are suffering from ___, others are experiencing heavy rains and floods. A. the weather B. the climate C. drought D. problems 9. It will certainly enhances your ___ of reading when you are aware of very slight differences in the writer’s expression. A. condition B. recommendation C. material D. enjoyment 10. A nurse must be ___ to the patients’ needs; dhe must understand what they need, and be helpful and kind to them. A. sensitive B. elegant C. aware D. likeable 5
6. Exercise 4: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. The area has an ___ of wildlife; there are lots of animals, birds, fish, and insects living there. A. abundance B. impression C. entertainment D. organization 2. You should read this novel. It has been ___ recommended by all the critics. A. deeply B. fully C. highly D. truly 3. True learning does not ___ in gathering facts from the teachers; it requires active assimilation of knowledge. A. achieve B. consist C. depend D. come 4. There should be a law against ___. A. violent family B. fight for households C. violent domestics D. domestic violence 5. The documentary was so ___ that many viewers cried. A. moody B. touching C. touchy D. moved 6. ___ of patience, noone can beat Martha. A. in front B. in spite C. In terms D. Regardless 7. The manager of the hotel always puts a ___ on the service quality. A. pressure B. great stress C. stressed D. stressful 8. Human carlessness has been ___damaging marine life. A. warned against B. said to C. prevented D. acused of 9. During the flood, many local people ran out of food and starved to ___ A. dying B. die C. death D. dead 10. The saying that “Problems don’t come ___,” means that may problems can happen at the same time. A. soon B. at once C. single D. singly Exericse 5: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. In fairy tales, bad witches often try to cast a spell on the ___. A. innocent B. innovative C. innovation D. initative 2. The assistant manager is going to present a complete report on the ___situation of the company. A. funded B. finacial C. financing D. finance 3. The environmental impact of tourism can be shocking and upsetting, but many governments think it is ___. A. negative B. comprehensive C. bad D. acceptable 4. I the recent decades, greater cultural ___ has been encouraged by tourism. A. contract B. relation C. touch D. details 5. The majority of people agree that modern drugs are the most effective way to cure a (n)___. A. treatment B. symptom C. illness D. sicken 6. The government should take ___ to reduce the current high unemployment rate. A. solutions B. charge C. measures D. steps 6
7. 7. Janet has to travel a lot in her new job. She is on the ___ all the time. A. field B. mood C. way D. go 8. Many companies now advertise their new products by distributing free ___ in public places. A. deals B. exmaples C. instances D. samples 9. While there has been a significant ___ in the sales figures, there has been no corresponding profit growth because of increased production cosrs. A. addition B. form C. boost D. encouragement 10. There can be no doubt that recent statements ___ the company’s true financial position were misleading A. referring B. dealing C. concerning D. respecting Exercise 6: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions 1. Before choosing a job, you should take into consideration several___ including the supply and demand for professionals in any particular field. A. turns B. factors C. ramarks D. sides 2. The Business Advisory Council has been specially designed for those in ___ of advice about setting up new businesses. A. absence B. duty C. want D. need 3. The city has ___ of young consumers who are sensitve to trends, and can, therefore, help industries predict the potential risks and success of products. A. a high rate B. a high proportion C. a high tendency D. a great level 4. Don’t ___ to conclusions, we don’t yet know all the relevant facts. A. hurry B. jump C. rush D. run 5. I wonder if you could ___ me a small favour, Tom? A. bring B. make C. give D. do 6. Sicientists warn that many of the world’s great cities are ___ flooding. A. being B. at risk C. in danger of D. endangered 7. The boy’s strange behavior aroused the ___ of the shop assistant. A. thought B. consideration C. exectations D. suspicions 8. The young should ___themselves in social activities. A. determine B. serve C. involve D. promote. 9. I know from ___that everything will be all right. A. conscience B. experience C. wisdom D. care 10. Your second essay ___improvement on the first one. A. showed B. made C. cast D. presented Exercise 7: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. The Women’s World Cup is ___ in popularity. A. competing B. establishing C. advancing D. growing 7
8. 2. Our class team has won four ___ football matches. A. successful B.unsuccessful C. success D. successive 3. We interviewed a number of candidates buit none of them ___ us. A. enlivened B. encouraged C. delighted D. mpressed. 4. ___ to British univerities depends on examnation results. A. Admission B. Admittance C. Permission D. Permit 5. I prefer ___jobs because I don’t like keep on moving and changing all the time. A. demanding B. challenging C. tough D. secure 6. The investment has had ___ on the development of our project. A. results B. progress C. interruptions D. effects 7. In China, there are still a lot of ___ families sharing the same house. A. extent B. extension C. extended D. extensive 8. The deadline is coming, and we still have a lot of ___ problems. A. unsolving B. dissolved C. insolved D. solving 9. He recievec a medal in ___ for his bravery. A. turns B. response C. favour D. reward 10. He left the country ___ arrest of he retured. A. in fear that B. with fear of C. under threat of D. with threat of Exercise 8: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. Governments have ___ laws to protect wildlife from commercial trade and overhunting. A. practiced B. acted C. enacted D. observed 2. He was chosen for the post because of his keenness and ___ of responsibility. A. sense B. meaning C. from D. way 3. My brother rarely ___ responsibilities in the family, which makes my father really angry. A. gets B. takes C. receives D. puts on 4. My mothet always ___ that we leave home for school with breakfast. A. ensures herself B. checks again C. takes certain D. makes sure 5. The shop assistant is ready to ___ me a helping hand. She was very nice. A. offer B. take C.get D. lend 6. Many people do not realize that they are causing disasters ___ themselves. A. to B. for C. with D. about 7. Forests all over the world are being ___ into deserts. A. switched B. turned C. sent D. transferred 8. Many countries have built ___ to carry water to desert areas. A. rivers B. channels C. canals D. lakes 8
9. 9. People living in that area are ___ the threat ___ lead poisoning. A. in- on B. with- to C. under- of D. on- for 10. Maps are made with the help of ___ photography. A. air B.aeronautics C. acrial D. areoplane Exercise 9: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. The dunes in the Simpsion Desert have gently ___ western faces and ___ eastern faces. A. sloping – steep B. downward – upward C. shallow- deep D. low- high 2. The great stretches of sandy desert almost ___ the centre of Australia. A. round B. circle C. hold D. keep 3. Spinifex grows on the slopes of the dunes, which are up to 20 metres ___. A. in high B. of height C. high D. tall 4. Hummock grasses grow in ___ sand on the crest, the top of the slope. A. loose B. lost C. lose D. loosened. 5. It was a vey nice apartment, ___ I decided to rent it right away A. if B. because C. so D. but 6. A newborn baby can neither walk nor crawl. A newborn antelope, ___can run with minutes of birth. A. however B.so C. otherwise D. eventhough 7. Endangered animals should be well protected in their natural ___. A. position B. condition C. habitat D. status 8. The government has ___ different measures to protect the wildlife A. made B. listed C. done D. taken 9. One of the conservation efforts is the development of wildlife ___. A. conserves B. reserves C. reservoirs D. reverses 10. Commercial exploration has driven many species to the ___ of extinction. A. verge B. bank C. limit D. edge Exercise 10: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. The biggest company in our local area is ___ the verge of bankruptcy A. in B. on C. at D. to 2. The Congress has ___ laws to protect wildlife from commercial trade and overhunting. A. impled B. carried C. acted D. passed 3. The book is so interesting that I can hardly ___ it___. A, get- down B. pick- up C. put- down D. not put- down 4. Books are a wonderful ___ of knowledge. A. source B. resource C. flow D. provision 9
10. 5. She had just enough time to ___ the report before the meeting A. turn around B. dip into C. get through D. go into 6. The book___ quite well during the first few months. A. had been solved B. was sold C. sold D. sells 7. If a water polo game is tied, there are two ___periods of three minutes each. A. overdue B. overlong C. overwork D. overtime 8. The player was ejected after committing five personal ___. A. mistakes B. faults C. fouls D. errors 9. Sports competitions are held to ___ cooperation and solidarity among countries. A. grow B. upgrade C. spring up D.promote 10. We have made careful preparations to welcome the ___ from 40 countries. A. acquaintances B. attendants C. delegates D. hosts Exercise 11: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. The footballers often sing the national ___ at the beginning of a match. A. version B. lyrics C. anthem D. composition 2. The 22nd Southest Asisan Games were the first big sports event Vietnam ___. A. owned B. hosted C. presented D. led 3. ___ swimming involves the players who perform beautiful maneuvers.to music underwater. A. Athletic B. Synchronized C. Aquatic D. Artistic 4. Our basketball team successfully ___ the championship. A. protected B. held C. assured D. defened 5. When we reached the top of the hill, it was getting ___ A. darkest B. the darker and the darker C. darker and darker D. the darkest 6. Michael is obviously ___ anybody else here. A. more and more talented B. talented as C. more talented than D. the most talented among 7. ___ you give the anwer, ___ A. The quicker – the better you can get marks. B. The more quickly- the better marks you can get C. More quickly- better marks you can get D. the quickest- the best marks you can get 8. As you get___, your memory gets ___ A. old- worse B. older- worse C. oldest – worst D. older- bad 10
11. 9. I am having ___ my colleagues. A. responsibilities more than B. more than responsibilites C. more responsibilites than D. as much responsibilities as 10. Although John is ___ than us, he is ___ at work A. as young – less experienced B. younger- much more experienced C. not older- more much experienced D. oldet- least experienced Exercise 12: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to inducate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. ___The Tet holidays come, ___the children feel A. The more near- the more exciting B. The nearer- the more excitng C. The nearesr – the more excited D. Nearer- more excited 2. They solved the problems ___we had expected. A. more effective than B. most effectively as C. most effectively as D. as effective as 3. Although I have ___my cousin, I felt ___. A. fewer money – happier B. more money- more hapy C. much more than – less happy D. less money than- happier 4. The institute was ___ by a a famous scientists. A. put up B. set ut C. erected D. founded 5. Women in developing countries have spent time looking for ___ and encouragement from the society A. realization B. modernization C. development D. recognition 6. The Red Cross is ___ to giving medical aid and other help to victims of disasters. A. aimed B. promoted C. dedicated D. designed 7. In 1864, twelve nations signed the first Geneva Convention, ___down rules for the treatment and protection of the wounded. A. laying B. lying C. lied D. laid. 8. The Red Cross all over the world has carried out a lot of ___. A. jobs B. works C. missions D. responsibilites. 9. The tsunami in 2004 ___ some countries and caused a lot of damage. A. reached B. beat C. defeated D. hit 10. The belief that a woman’s place is in the home is ___. A. seating- deep B. deep- seating C. seated- deep D. deep- seated 11
12. Exercise 13: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. The policeman lost his temper. He ___ A. got nervous B. was in a bad mood C. lost his nerve D. was on bad humour 2. I decided to visit a fortune- teller. That’s what I ___ to do. A. made up B. made up my mind C. minded D. cared 3. You should go to your sentist for regular ___. A. check-ins B. check- outs C. check- ups D. check- up 4. ___, Carlos is very punctual, but he was late tonight. A. For a rule B. Like a rule C. As a rule D. For a rule of thump 5. Without written evidence, we don’t have a ___on. A. leg to stand B. foot to stand C. leg to lean D. foot to lean 6. I was taking a quiet walk last night when, ___, there was a loud explosion. A. all in all B. all at once C. suddenly at once D. once at all 7. Everything could be done by ___. A. a nod and bow B. a nod and wink C. a wink and a nod D. a nod and a wink 8. These workers are at the ___ of the economic ___ A. line- heap B. heap- bottom C. bottom- heap D. heap- line 9. Tickets are avaible on a first come, ___ basis. A. first got B. early served C. first served D. early got 10. “You should het gid of that old leather jacket.” I know, but I hate to ___ with it. A. part B. leave C. break D. cut Exercise 14: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. You can’t get a soda from that machine. There’s a sign on it says that “___”. A. Out of job B. Out of hand C. Out of order D. Out of mind 2. Don’t have much cash ___, but I can get some from an automatic teller machine. A. in hand B. on hand C. into hand D. inder hand 3. “I like that paiting you bought. Did it cost much?” “No, the artist sold it to me for ___”. A. close to nothing B. next to anything C. next to nothing D. anything next 4. “What’s Peter’s cousin’s name?” “It’s on the tip of my ___, but I can’t quite remember” A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. memory 5. What a confusing story! I can’t make ___of it. A. sense B. meaning C. logic D. understanding 6. Women have struggled for the same social, economic, and political ___for them as for men. A. state B. status C. being D. welfare 12
13. 7. Women now are more ___ in the public life than years ago. A.involved B. ensured C. felt D. influenced 8. Every citizen can enjoy the same ___ to vote, to gain education and to work. A. authority B. right C. way D. chance 9. The local council ___campaigns against illiteracy. A. requires B. advocates C. admits D. affects 10. Widespread ___about women’s intellectual ability restricted their job opportunities. A. suspicion B. challenge C. doubt D. rumour Bài tập THÀNH NGỮ (Idioms): Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. I just took it ___ that he’d always be available. A. into consideration B. easy C. into account D. for granted 2. I accidentally ___Mike when I was crossing a street downtown yesterday. A. kept an eye on B. lost touch with C. paid attention to D. caught sight of 3. I was glad when he said that his car was ___. A. for my use B. for me use C. at my use D. at my disposal. 4. I really must go and lie down for a while; I’ve got a ___ headache. A. cutting B. splitting C. ringing D. cracking 5. Stop ___ about the bush, John! Just tell me exactly what the problem is. A. rushing B. hiding C. beating D. moving 6. I usually buy my clothes___. It’s cheaper than going to a dress- maker. A. off the beg B. on the house C. in public D. on the shelf 7. My father ___when he found out that I’d damaged the car. A. hit the roof B. saw pink elephants C. made my blood boil D. brought the house down. 8. If you want a flat in the centre of the city you have to pay through the ___ for it. A. teeth B. back of your head. C. nose D. arm 9. I caught the last bus by the skin of my ___. A. mouth B. leg C. neck D. teeth 10. It was a joke! I was pulling your ___. A. thumb B. hair C. toe D. leg 13
14. Exercise 2: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. I always get ___ in my stomach before visiting the dentist. A. worms B. butterflies C. crabs D. hedgehogs 2. Those smart phones are selling like___. If you want one, you’d better buy one now before they’re all gone. A. shooting stars B. fresh bread C. hot cakes D. wild oats 3. I haven’t had an accident yet but I’ve had a number of ___ shaves. A. narrow B. near C. close D. tiny 4. My father refused to eat meat that had been fired. He had ___ in his bonnet about it causing cancer. A. a bug B. a bee C. a bull D. an ant 5. I can’t stand Mr. Brian. He’s always blowing his own ___- telling everyone how good he is at everything. A. balloon B. breath C. mind D. trumpet 6. The escaped prisoner fought ___ before he was finally overpowered. A. head over heels B. tooth and nail C. heart and soul D. foot and mouth. 7. I didn’t suspect anything at first, but when I noticed her going through the office drawers I began to smell___. A. a rat B. a pig C. a thief D. a culprit 8. Peter was born and brought up in Hastings and knows it like the ___. A. nose on his face B. tip of the tongue C. back of his hand D. hair on his head 9. I was already fed up with the job, but when the boss walked into my office and told me he expected me to work overtime that was the ___. I quit. A. final curtain B. last straw C. end of the line D. last waltz 10. He has a quick temper and easily ___ off the handle. A. leaps B. goes C. runs D. flies Exercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each od the following questions. 1. Before she left for Australia she promised her parents that she would drop them ___ at least once a month. A. a note B. a word C. the news D. a line 2. I was all set to take the job in Tokyo, but at the last minute I ___ an ddecied to stay in Britain. A. pulled my finger out B. got cold feet C. held my horses D. called it a day. 3. “What I’ve got to say to you now is strictly ___ and most certainly not for publication. “ said the government official to the reporter. A. beside the point B. for the time being C. by the way D. off the record. 4. I’ve never enjoyed going to the ballet or the opera; they’re not really my ___. A. piece of cake B. chip off the old block C. biscuit D. cup of tea 14
15. 5. “What’s wrong with Tom today? He’s unusually quiet,” “He’s got something on his ___. I expect”. A. brain B. mind C. thoughts D. brow 6. He was wearing very shabby, dirty clothes and looked very ___. A. easy- going B. down to earth C. out of shape D. down at heel 7. Since he started his own business he has been making money hand over ___. A. fist B. heel C. head D. palm 8. I can’t see us beating them at tennis this year- we’re so out of ___. A. step B. practice C. fitness D. breath 9. I’m not surprised that Tom is ill. He’s beeen ___ for a long time. It was bound to affect his health sooner or later. A. having his cake and eating it B. burning the candle at both ends C. playing with fire D. going to town 10. I just couldn’t remember her name even though it was on the ___ of my tongue. A. edge B. tip C. top D. front Exercise 4: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. That’s exactly what I mean, Tom. You’ve ___! A. put your foot in it B. killed two birds with one stone C. put two and two together D. hit the nail on the head 2. “I’m going for an interview for a job this afternoon.” “Good luck! I’ll keep my ___crossed for you” A. legs B. fingers C. arms D. hands 3. “If only I hadn’t lent him that money!” “Well, you did, so it’s no good crying over ___ milk. A. split B. wasted C. sour D. goat’s 4. The car swerved to avoid a cyclist and just missed hitting a passer- by by ___. A. a slight edge B. a narrow escape C. a close thing D. a hair’s breath 5. Well, well, if it isn’t Kathy Lewis! You’re a sight for ___eyes! A. old B. blue C. sore D. crocodile 6. You know times have been bad lately, Peter, but keep your ___up; things are bound to get better soon. A. chin B. head C. socks D. mind 7. He may be shy now, but he’ll soon come out of his ___ when he meets the right girl. A. shoe B. shell C. shed D. hole 8. I’am afraid you’ve caught me on the ___. I wasn’t expecting you until this afternoon. A. stove B. grapevine C. spot D. hop 9. Nagging Susan to stop smoking has no effect on her. It’s like water off ___. A. a windmill B. a duck’s back C. a dripping tap D. an umbrella 10. Have you seen the new boss? She’s the ___image of Marilyn Monroe. A. live B. true C. spitting D. same 15
16. Exercise 5: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions: 1. Writng rhymes for birthday cards is really easy. It’s money for old ___. A. rags B. bread C. rope D. rubbish 2. Of course you won’t become more intelligent if you eat a lit of fish – that’s just an old ___tale. A. maids’ B. ladies’ C. mothers’ D. wives’ 3. I agree that this is a bit of a ___ shot, but we’re desperate- we have to do something to try to save the company. A. hot B. long C. wild D. high 4. I like my new job, the only fly in the ___ is the fact that I have to work every other weekend. A. fat B. porridge C. soup D. ointment 5. It’s a ___shame that so little is done nowadays to help the homeless in our large cities. A. sweeping B. crying C. dying D. pitying 6. My aunt is a bit of a wet ___. She’s always spoiling everyone’s fun A. rag B. sheep C. rat D. blanket. 7. We looked in every ___and cranny for the missing ring, but we couldn’t find it anywhere. A. nook B. gap C. hole D. niche 8. Everyone bosses me about at work, I’m nothing but a ___. A. lame duck B. general dogsbody C. blue- eye boy D. marked man 9. He had a soft ___ for his granddaughter and thoroughly spoilt her. A. heart B. way C. smile D. spot 10. He just wanted one ___ before setting down and getting married. A. final fling B. last leap C. happy hop D. joyful jump Exercise 6: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. Ask David to give you a hand moving the furniture. He’s as strong as ___. A. an elephant B. a mountain C. a gorilla D. a horse 2. You’re not getting enough to eat, Jane! Look at you! You’re as thin as a ___. A. stick unsect B. rake C. finger D. wire. 3. We can’t eat this meat – it’s as tough as ___! A. canvas B. old boots C. rubber D. stale bread 4. You shouldn’t have frightened her like that, Poor thing! She went as white as ___! A. a sheet B. snow C. milk D. whitewash 5. Nothing ever seems to bother Colin. No matter what happens, he always seems to remain as cool as___. A. cool feet B. ice- cream C. a cucumber D. as Eskimo 6. You’ll have to shout, I’m afraid. My father’s as deaf as ___. A. a leaf B. a post C. a politician D. a stone 16
17. 7. It’s hard to believe Brian and Stephen are brothers, isn’t it? They’re as different as ___. A. Mars from Jupiter B. milk from honey C. chalk from cheese D. margarine from butter. 8. Ever since I’ve given up smoking I feel as fit as ___! A. a fighter B. a fiddle C. a frog D. an athlete 9. Our dog looks very ferocious, but don’t worry, Liz. It’s gengtle like ___. A. a pony B. snowflakes C. a lamp D. washing-ip liquid. 10. “I hope the children didn’t play you up, Doris?” “No, not at all, Mrs Gardener. They’ve been as good as ___”. A. religion B. gold C. God D. brass Exericse 7: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. “The suitcase isn’t too heavy, is it?” “No, it’s as light as ___”. A. dust B. lighting C. a feather D. a fish 2. “By the way, have you heard the one about the Welshman, the Irishman and the pig?” Yes, we have. That joke’s as old as___”. A. Solomon B. the hills C. a dinosaur D. Jupiter 3. Of course he loves you! It’s as plain as ___. A a pancake B. the knob on your door C. the nose on your face D. a bell 4. kate was as pleased as ___ when she heard had passed the exam. A. Punch B. a poppy C. a sunflower D. pound notes 5. I hope the computer course starts this term. We’re all as keen as ___ to get going. A. coffee B. mustard C. a gigolo D. cornflakes 6. He was natural singer with a voice that was as clear as ___. A. a waterfall B. a lake C. a bell D. a mirror 7. After a good night’s sleep he woke up feeling as fresh as ___and eager to start work again. A. fruit B. a daisy C. a kitten D. a maiden 8. He might look kind and sympathetic, but deep down he’s as hard as ___ A. nails B. a mountain C. a gangster D. an iceberg 9. Pauline can’t have immigrated to New Zealand because I saw her last night at Peter’s party, as ___as life. A. true B. real C. good D. large 10. It’s no use arguing with him, he won’t listen. He’s as sturbborn as ___. A. a mule B. a spoilt child C. a strawberry D. a trade union Exercise 8: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. “You’re drunk!” “No, I’m not. I’m as sober as ___”. A. a priest B. Sunday C. a judge D. a Muslin 2. Am I nervous? Of course not. Look at my hand- it’s as steady as ___. A. a bridge B. a rock C. steel bars D. a stepladder. 17
18. 3. As students, David, Kevin and William were as thick as ___. A. thieves B. boy scouts C. a team D. thistles 4. Whenever I feel embarrassed I always go as red as ___. A. a rose B. lipstick C. a raspberry D. a beetroot 5. She was so tired last night that she slept like ___until 10 o’clock this morning. A. a squirrel B. death C. a log D. a zombie 6. We’d better get some extra food in if your brother is coming to stay with us. He eats like ___! A. a lion B. a starving man C. an eagle D. a horse 7. Normally she smoked 15-20 cigarettes a day, but whenever she was worried or nervous she smoked like___. A. a chimney B. a forest fire C. a steam engine D. a salmon 8. “Is the dress too big?” “No, not at all. It fits like___”. A. a mould B. a glove C. glue D. a pillowcase 9. News of the new pay agreement spread like ___throughout the factory. A. wildlife B. butter C. the plaque D. a flood 10. From the moment they first met they got on like ___. A. two peas in a a pod B. fish and chips C. a house on fire D. clockwork Bài tập NGỮ ĐỘNG TỪ (Phrasal verbs) Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. When the police investigate a crime, they ___evidence such as fingerprints, hair, or clothing A. look after B. look up to C. look for D. look into 2. “Do you ___ your new roommate, or do you two argue?” A. keep in touch with B. get along with C. on good terms with D. get used to 3. After months of testing, the Russian space scientists ___ a space suit that works better than any other in history. A. came to B. came up with C. came up to D. came out with 4. Let’s check our hotel room ___before we pay for it. A. out B. away C. up D. off 5. He lost the tennis match, so we will try to cheer him ___. A. off B. away C. on D. up 6. The mechanic broke the engine___ its many components A. up into B. into C. down into D. off into 7. The couple broke ___ their angagement after they had a huge argument. A. in B. over C. off D. away 8. The new mayor will bring ___a change in local government policies. A. with B. out C. up D. about 18
19. 9. Sara said she took golf ___ so that she could meet more interesting people. A. on B. over C. back D.up 10. Try ___ this bicycle to determine if you feel comfortable on it. A. out B. on C. off D. at Exericise 2: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions 1. She turned the first offer ___ because she wanted more money for her house. A. off B. away C. out D. down 2. They decided to name the new baby boy ___Grandpa. A. of B. after C. with D. as 3. Mom told her little boy to put all his toys ___ before coming to dinner. A. out B. off C. away D. in 4. The couple put their wedding ___intil next year. A. off B. up C. on D. away 5. The gunman told the victim to hand ___ all his money. A. out B. over C. in D. off 6. Don’t throw your jacket on the bed. Hang it ___ A. up B. over C. on D. in 7. The supervisor told her to keep ___ the good work. A. over B. on C. with D. up 8. Man is kiliing ___ all the fish in the sea. A. out B. away C. off D. up 9. If you leave ___any information, the form will be returned to you. A. down B. out C. up D. away 10. Security is very important in this building. Don’t let anyone ___unless they show you proper indentification. A. in B. out C. off D. on Exercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each od the following questions 1. Look this document ___carefully before you sign it. A.up B. on C. at D. over 2. If you don’t know what a word means, look it ___ in the dictionary. A. over B. up C. on D. at 3. I couldn’t make ___ all the words on the sign because my glasses were dirty. A.up B. out C. clear D. up with 4. Tony and Nancy always kiss and make ___after their arguments. A. up B. off C. with D. up with 19
20. 5. Cross ___ my name because I won’t be able to attend. A. out B. down C. up D. away 6. She will cut ___ the number of cigrarettes she smokes. A. off B. in C. up D. down 7. Have you figured ___ how to solve the problem yet? A. out B. on C. in D. of 8. After you fill the application form___, sign it and date it. A. on B. off C. out D. with 9. You should always fill ___ your tank when it gets down to a quarter full. A. off B. up C. in D. out 10. All students must hand ___ their homework the day after it is assigned. A. out B. on C. to D. in Exericse 4: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions 1. The daughter looked___ her mother after her mom was sent home form the hospital with a broken hip. A. upon B. after C. on D. at 2. Why don’t you look ___ this situation and see if you can figure out a way to fix it without spending too much money? A. out B. over C. away D. off 3. My grandfather passed ___when I was only six years old. He had ___ lung cancer. A. out B. over C. away D. off 4. Every day many of us have to put ___people that we don’t like. A. on with B. off with C. up D. up with 5. Nancy ran ___ Bob while both were shopping at the supermarket. A. over B. across C. upon D. onto 6. If you go hiking, you should watch ___for poison oak and snakes. Both can cause you problems. A. over B. up C. out D. on 7. Let’s get ___ the bus at the next stop. We can’t visit the museum and catch another bus in a couple of hours. A. onto B. out C. in D. off 8. When the student got ___ the test, he gave it to the teacher. A. over with B. through with C. through at D. over 9. If you’re going to give ___ smoking, you must have a lot of will power. A. away B. up C. in to D. off 10. After you write your report, give it to your boss. He will go___ it and make any necessary changes. A. upon B. through with C. over D. with 20
21. Exercise 5: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions 1. She kept ___ taking the real estate exam until she finally passed it and got her license A. on B. onto C. in D. at 2. Kids have to talk fast if they want to ___their parents on a stroll through the park. A. keep with B. keep up with C. keep onto D. keep over with 3. You’d better cut___animal fat if you want to lower your cholesterol. A. down with B. off with C. out in D. down on 4. I wish my friends would call me first before they drop ___. A. in B. out C. at D. off 5. Sales of the toy dropped ___ sharply when the TV news reported that a child had swallowed part of the toy and almost died. A. out B. over C. away D. off 6. People who don’t get ___their coworkers sometimes don’t lasr long at their jobs. A. up with B. along with C. on to D. by with 7. At a crime scene, the police will tell you to get back. They don’t want civilians to interfere ___ the investigation. A. at B. on C. with D. into 8. The boy was always getting ___ trouble as a youth. Then, to everyone’s surprise, he became a policeman. A. into B. onto C. on D. with 9. Mankind has managed to wipe ___many kinds of animals. A. away B. off C. out D. over 10. My car broke ___ on the way to work. I had to call a tow truck. A. down B. up C. off D. away Exercise 6: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions 1. Before you finish this project, check ___ your supervisor for further instructions A. on B. on with C. back with D. up 2. As soon as we got to the motel, we checked ___. A. at B. in C. on D. off 3. While looking for my nail clipper, I came ___a knife that I thought I had lost. A. at B. with C. up D. across 4. We’ve ___ out of milk. You’ll have to drink your tea without it. A. come B. taken C. gone D. run 5. It’s difficulty to ___luxuries when you’re used to having them. A. cut down on B. cut down at C. cut off on D. cut down into 6. I missed the seven o’clock news on the radio this morning. I ___ up too late. A. came B. turned C. grew D. woke 21
22. 7. Governments should ___ international laws against terrorism. A. bring up B. bring about C.bring in D. bring back 8. You can’t possibly say no to such a wonderful job offer. It’s too good to ___. A. turn it up B. turn it down C. put it up D. put it down 9. Eve was born in the South, but she grew ___ in the North. A. up B. on C. about D. at 10. “What ___ yout flight?” “There was a big snowstorm in Denver that delayed a lot of flights”. A. delayed up B. postponed up C. held up D. hung up Exercise 7: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions: 1. “Can you read that sign?” “Just a minute. Let me ___ my glasses”. A. put off B. put on C. put with D. put away 2. This is Bob speaking. I need my pocket calculator. Can I have it back tomorrow? I can’t ___ it. A. do with B. do without C. deal with D. deal without. 3. “That old paint that you have stored in your garage is a fine hazard”. “You’re right. I should ___it”. A. get away from B. get rid of C. get through with D. get along with. 4. “You must be anxious to go on your vacation.”. “I certainly am. I am really ___this trip”. A. looking for B. looking forward C. looking forward to D. looking up to 5. “Who ___ out that tie for you?” Noone. I choose it myself.” A. bought B. brought C. turned D. picked 6. We didn’t like John when we first met him, but he has turned___ to be a good friend to us. A. down B. up C. on D. out 7. “Have you___this contract yet?” “Not yet. I’ll try to read this weekend” A. looked over B. looked into C. looked up D. looked out 8. After ten times, the students ___in their quizzes to the instructor. A. gave B. had C. held D. handed 9. “Hello, is Bill there?”.Yes, ___a minute, and I’ll get him A. hang on B. hang up C. hold on D. A and C are correct 10. I was talking to my aunt when suddenly my cousin Geroge ___ in on our conversation. A. interrupted B. broke C. went D. intervened 22
23. TỪ VỰNG Bài tập từ vựng trong các đề thi trắc nghiệm tiếng Anh thường bao gồm các dạng bài tập sau: - Bài tập về cấu tạo từ hoặc dạng thức của từ (word formation). - Bài tập về chọn từ (word choice) hoặc sự kết hợp của từ (collocations). I. PHƯƠNG THỨC CẤU TẠO CỦA TỪ (Word formation): Bài tập cấu tạo từ thường kiểm tra tất cả các dạng từ loại như danh từ, tính từ, trạng từ, động từ. Để làm tốt dạng bài tập này, trước hết, học sinh cần phải có một vốn từ vựng phong phú. Khi học một từ mới các em nên học tất cả các từ lạ lien quan, bao gồm cả tiền tố hoặc hậu tố cấu tạo từ trái nghĩa. Ví dụ: succeed (v), success (n), successful (a), successfully (adv), unsuccessful (adj), unsuccessfully (adv). Khi lựa chọn đáp án đúng cho bài tập cấu tạo từ ta cần chú ý những điểm sau: - Xác định từ loại của từ cần tìm - Danh từ cấn tìm số ít hay số nhiều - Dộng từ trong câu chia ở thì nào, theo chủ ngữ số ít hay số nhiều - Đáp án cần tìm có nghĩa khẳng định (positive) hay phủ định (negative) - Nếu đáp án cần tìm là danh từ thì xác định đó là danh từ chỉ người, vật, hay sự vật Cần cân nhắc về nghĩa trong câu với những từ có cùng từ loại. Ví dụ minh họa 1: Chọn từ thích hợp tương ứng với A.,B, C, hoặc D để hoàn thành câu sau: He cycled ___and had an accident. A. careful B. careless C. carefully D. carelessly Hướng dẫn: Ta dùng trạng từ bổ nghĩa cho động từ cycle, ta lại chọn carelessly thay vì carefully vì nghĩa của câu. Đáp án là D. He cycled carelessly and had an accident. (Anh ấy đi xe máy ẩu và gặp tai nạn) Ví dụ minh họa 2: Chọn từ thích hợp tương ứng với A.,B, C, hoặc D để hoàn thành câu sau: Peter ___ opened the door of cellar, wondering what he might find. A. cautious B. cautiously C. cautional D. cautionally Hướng dẫn: Peter ___opened the door of the cellar, wondering what he might find. (Peter mở cửa tầng hầm ___, tự hỏi rằng mình có thể tìm thấy gì). B: đáp án đúng: cautiously (trạng từ) = (một cách) thận trọng A: Phương án sai: cautious (tính từ) = thận trọng C, D Phương án sai: không có các từ này trong tiếng Anh. Ví dụ minh họa 3: Chọn từ thích hợp tương ứng với A.,B, C, hoặc D để hoàn thành câu sau: The new dress makes you more___. A. beauty B. beautiful C. beautifully D. beautify Hướng dẫn: make + danh từ/ đại từ + tính từ/ tính từ so sánh hơn: làm cho, khiến cho 23
24. Đáp án là B. “The new dress makes you more beautiful”. (Chiếc áo đầm mới làm cho bạn xinh đẹp hơn). Để làm tốt dạng bài tập từ vựng, ta cần lưu ý các điểm sau đây: 1. Thay đổi loại từ Trong tiếng Anh có nhiều từ được sử dụng với những loại từ khác nhau và có nghĩa khác nhau. Ví dụ: a cook (danh từ): đầu bếp, to cook (động từ): nấu ăn a graduate (danh từ) : sinh viên tốt nghiệp to graduate (động tù): tố nghiệp 2. Từ ghép: Danh từ ghép: Phương thức thông thường nhất là sự ghép tự do hai danh từ với nhau để tạo thành danh từ mới. Cách ghép tự do này có thể áp dụng đối với nhiều trường hợp và danh từ ghép có thể là hai từ hoặc một từ, đôi khi mang một nghĩa mới. Phần lớn danh từ ghép được tạo thành bới: Danh từ + danh từ: A tennis club: câu lạc bộ quần vợt A telephone bill: hóa đơn điện thoại A train journey: chuyến đi bằng tàu hỏa * Danh động từ + danh từ A swimming pool: hồ bơi A sleeping bag: túi ngủ Washing powder: bột giặt Tính từ + danh từ: A greenhouse: nhà kình A blackboard: bảng viết Quicksilver: thủy ngân A black sheep: kẻ hư hỏng Mọt số ít danh từ ghép có thể gồm ba từ hoặc nhiều hơn: Merry- go- round (trò chơi ngựa quay) Forget- me- not (hoa lưu li) Mother- in- law (mẹ chồng/ mẹ vợ) Danh từ ghép có thể được viết như: Hai từ rời: book seller (người bán sách), dog trainer (người huấn luyện chó) Hai từ có gạch nối ở giữa: waste- bin (giỏ rác), living-room (phòng khách) Một từ duy nhất: watchmaker (thợ chế tạo đồng hồ), schoolchildren (học sinh), chairman (chủ tọa). Trong cấu tạo “danh từ + danh từ”, danh từ đi trước thường có dạng số ít nhưng cũng có trường hợp ở dạng số nhiều: A vegetable garden (vườn rau) 24
25. An eye test (kiểm tra mắt) A sports shop (cửa hàng bán đồ thể thao) A goods train (tàu chở hàng) Tính từ ghép: Tính từ ghép thường gồm hai hoặc nhiều từ kết hợp với nhau và được dùng như một từ duy nhất. Tính từ ghép có thể được viết thành: - Một từ duy nhât: Life + long -> lifelong (cả đời) Home + sick -> homesick (nhớ nhà) - Hai từ có dấu gạch nối ở giữa : After + school -> after- school (sau giờ học) Back + up ->back-up/ backup (giúp đỡ) - Nhiều từ có dấu gạch nối ở giữa A two-hour-long test (bài kiểm tra kéo dài hai giờ) A ten-year-old-boy (cậu bé lên mười) Tính từ ghép có thể được tạo thành bởi: - Danh từ + tính từ: Duty-free (miễn thuế) noteworthy (đáng chú ý) Nationwide (khắp nước) blood-thirsty (khát máu) - Danh từ + phân từ: Handmade (làm bằng tay) time-consuming (tốn thời gian) Breath- taking (đáng kinh ngạc) heart- broken (đau khổ) - Trạng từ + phân từ: ill- equipped (trang bị kém) outspoken (thẳng thắn) well- behaved (lễ phép) high- sounding (huyên hoang) - Tính từ + phân từ: Good-looking (xinh xắn) easy-going (thoải mái) Beautiful-sounding (nghe hay) middle-ranking (bậc trung) - Tính từ+ danh từ kết hợp với tận cùng –ed: old-fashioned (lỗi thời) absent –minded (đãng trí) fair-skinned (da trắng) artistic- minded (có óc thẩm mỹ) 3. Thay đổi phụ tố (affixation): Bằng cách thêm phụ tố (affixation) bao gồm tiền tố (prefixes) vào đầu một từ gốc hoặc hậu tố (suffixes) vào cuối từ gốc ta có cách cấu tạo một hình thái từ mới rất phổ biến trong tiếng Anh. Hậu tố tạo động từ: - ise/ -ize: modernize, popularize, industrialize - ify: beautify, purify, simplify 25
26. Tiền tố phủ định của tính từ: Tiền tố phủ định Ví dụ Im- (đứng trước tính từ bắt đầu m hoặc p) Immature, impatient Ir- (đứng trước tính từ bắt đầu r) Irreplaceable. irregular Il- (đứng trước tính từ bắt đầu l) Illegal, illegible, illiterate In- Inconvenient, inedible Dis- Disloyal, dissimilar Un- Uncomfortable, unsuccessful Lưu ý: Đối với các tiền tố in-, im-, ngoài ý nghĩa phủ định chúng còn mang nghĩa ‘bên trong; vào trong”, Ví dụ: internal, income, import Các tiền tố un- và dis- còn được dùng để thành lập từ trái nghĩa của động từ: tie/untie, appear/disappear hoặc đảo ngược hành động hành động của động từ: disbelieve, disconnect, dislike, disqualify, unbend, undo, undress, unfold, unload, unlock, unwrap Ngoài ra ra còn có tiền tố phủ định de- và non: decentralize, nonsense Hậu tố tính từ: -y: bushy, dirty, hairy -ic: atomic, economic, poetic -al: cultural, agricultural, environmental -ical: biological, grammatical -ful: painful, hopeful, careful -less: painless, hopeless, careless -able: loveable, washable, breakable -ive: productive, active -ous: poisonous, outrageous * Hậu tố tạo danh từ: Các hậu tố hình thành danh từ thường gặp. Hậu tố Ý nghĩa Ví dụ -er - chỉ người thực hiện một hành động Writer, painter, worker, actor, operator -or - ta còn dùng hậu tố này cho rất nhiều động từ để hình thành danh từ - er/- or Dùng chỉ vật thực hiện một công việc Pencil- sharpener, grater nhất định Bottle-opener, projector -ee Chỉ người nhận hoặc trải qua một hành Employee, payee 26
27. động nào đó -tion Dùng để hình thành danh từ từ động từ Complication, admission, donation, -sion alteration -ion -ment Chỉ hành động hoặc kết quả Bombardment, development -ist Chỉ người Buddhist, Marxist -ism Chỉ hoạt động hoặc hệ tư tưởng (hai hậu Buddhism, communism tố này dùng cho chính trị , niềm tin và hệ tư tưởng hoặc ý thức hệ của con người) -ist Còn dùng để chỉ người chơi một loại nhạc Guitarist, violinist, pianist cụ, chuyên gia một lĩnh vực Economist, biologist -ness Dùng để hình thành danh từ từ tính từ Goodness, readiness, forgetfulness, happiness, sadness, weakness -hood Chỉ trạng thái hoặc phẩm chẩt Childhood, falsehood -ship Chỉ trạng thái, phẩm chất, tình trạng, khả Friendship, citizenship, musicianship, năng hoặc nhóm membership Sau đây là các tiền tố khác trong tiếng Anh, một số từ có dấu gạch nối. Tiền tố Ý nghĩa Ví dụ Anti- Chống lại Anti-war, antisocial Auto- Tự động Auto-pilot, autography Bi- Hai, hai lần Bicycle, bilingual Ex- Trước đây Ex-wife, ex- smoker Micro- Nhỏ bé Microwave, microscopic Mis- Tồi tệ, sai Misunderstand, misinform Mono- Một, đơn lẻ Monotone, monologue Multi- Nhiều Multi-national, multi-purpose Over- Nhiều, quá mức Overdo, overtired, overeat Post- Sau Postwar, postgraduate Pre- Trước Pre-war, pre-judge Pro- Tán thành, ủng hộ Pro-government, pro-revolutionary Pseudo- Già Pseudo- scientific Re- Lần nữa, trở lại Retype, reread, rewind Semi- Phân nửa Semi-final, semicircular 27
28. Sub- Bên dưới Subway, subdivision Under- Thiếu, không đủ Underworked, undercooked Bảng từ loại thông dụng: Động từ Danh từ Tính từ Trạng từ Accept (chấp nhận) acceptance Acceptable, unacceptable Advantage (sự thuận lợi) # Advantaged (có điều kiện Advantageously disadvantage tốt) # disadvantaged, advantageous (có lợi) Apologize (xin lỗi) apology apologetic Appreciate (đánh giá appreciation appreciative cao, trân trọng) Attend (tham dự) Attention (sự chú ý) Attentive (chú tâm, chú ý) Attendance (sự tham dự, có # inattentive mặt) Appear (xuất hiện) Appreciative # disappearance Apparent (hiển nhiên, rõ apparently Disappear (biến ràng) mất) Apply (nộp hồ sơ) Application (lời xin, đơn xin) Applicant (người nộp hồ sơ) Approve (tấn thánh) Approval # disapproval Disapprove (không tán thánh) Attract (thu hút) Attraction (sự thu hút, điểm thu Aattractive (hấp dẫn, thu Attractively hút) hút) # unattractive Attractiveness (tính thu hút, sự Attracted (bị thu hút) hấp dẫn) Advertise (quảng Advertising (sự quảng cáo) cáo) Advertisement (sự quảng cáo, mục quảng cáo) Advertiser (nhà quảng cáo) Benefit (giúp ích, Benefit (lợi ích) Beneficial (có lợi) làm lợi cho) Believe (tin tưởng) Belief (lợi ích) Believable (có thể tin Believably # Believer (tín đồ) được) # unbeliveable unbelieably Biology (sinh vật học) Biological Biologically Biologist (nhà sinh vật học) 28
29. Compete (cạnh Competition (cuộc thi, sự cạnh competitive competitively tranh, tranh đua) tranh) Competitior (người tham gia thi đấu) Construct (xây Construction Constructive (tích cực, constructively dựng) mang tính xây dựng) Continue (tiếp tục) continuation Continuous (tiếp diễn, lien Continuously tục) continually Continual (lặp đi, lặp lại thường xuyên) Contribute (đóng Contribution (sự đóng góp) Contributory # non- góp) Contributor (người đóng góp) contributory Conserve (bảo tồn) Conservation (sự bảo tồn, sự Conservative (bảo thủ) Conservatively bảo quản) Conservationist (nhà bảo tồn) Create (tạo ra) Creation (sự sáng tạo) Creative (sáng tạo) creatively Creatively (tính sáng tạo) Creator (người tạo ra) Endanger (gây nguy Danger (sự nguy hiểm) Dangerous (nguy hiểm) Dangerously hiểm) Endangered (bị nguy hiểm) Develop (phát triển) Development (sự phát triển) Developed (phát triển) Developing (đang phát triển) Underdeveloped (chậm phát triển) Decide (quyết định) Decision (sự quyết định) Decisive (quyết đoán) decisively Decisiveness (tính quết đoán) # indecisive (do dự) Depend (phụ thuộc) Dependence (sự phụ thuộc) # Dependent (phụ thuộc) # independence (sự độc lập) independent (độc lập) Destroy (phá hủy) Destruction (sự phá hủy) Destructive (có tính chất Destructively Destructiveness (tính phá hoại) phá hoại) Direct (chỉ dẫn) Direction (sự chỉ dẫn, hướng) Director (giám đốc, đạo diễn) Differ (khác, không Difference (sự khác biệt) Different (khác biệt) differently giống) Indifferent (hờ hững) Disappoint (làm thất Disappointment (sự thất vọng) Disappointed (bị thất vọng) disappointingly vọng) Disappointing (thất vọng) Economize (tiết Economy (nền kinh tế) Economic (thuộc về kinh tế Economically 29
30. kiệm) Economics (kinh tế học) học) Economical (tiết kiệm) Educate (giáo dục) Education (sự/ nền giáo dục Educational (thuộc giáo Educationally Educator (người làm công tác dục, mang tính giáo dục) giáo dục) Educated (được giáo dục) Educationalist (nhà giáo dục) Employ (thuê, tuyển Employment (việc làm) Employed (có việc làm) dụng) # unemployment # unemployed Employer (người chủ) Employee (nhân viên) Environmental (môi trường) Environmental (thuộc về environmentally Environmentalist (người bảo vệ môi trường) môi trường) Excite (kích thích, Excitement (sự hào hứng) Excited, exciting Excitedly gây hào hứng) excitingly Experience (trải Experience (trải nghiệm, kinh Experienced (có kinh qua) nghiệm) nghiệm) # inexperienced Explain (giải thích) Explanation (sự/ lời giải thích) Explanatory (có tính giải thích) Afforest (trồng Forest (rừng) rừng) Afforestation (sự trồng rừng) # deforestation (sự phá rừng) Harm (gây hại) Harm (sự tổn hại) Harmful (có hại) Harmfully # Harmfulness (tính gây hại) # Harmless (vô hại) harmlessly harmlessness Hope (hi vọng) Hope (niềm hy vọng) Hopeful (đầy hy vọng) Hopefully Hopefulness (tính đầy hy vọng) Hopeless (vô vọng) hopelessly # hopelessness Inform (thông báo) Information (thông báo) Informative (chứa nhiều Informer (người cung cấp thông thông tin) tin) Informed (có hiểu biết) Imagine (tưởng Imagination (sự tưởng tượng) Imaginary (không thật, do imaginativly tượng) tưởng tượng) Imaginative (giàu trí tưởng tượng) Impress (gây ấn Impression (ấn tượng) Impressive (gây ấn tượng) Impressively tượng) Improve (cải thiện) Improvement (sự cải thiện) Improved (được cải thiện) 30
31. Know (biết) Knowledge (kiến thức, sự hiểu Knowledgeable (hiểu biết) knowledgeably biết) Live (sống) Life (cuộc sống) Alive (còn sống) Lifestyle (lối sống) Lively (sống đông) Living (sự kiếm sống) Living (đang tồn tại) Livelihood (sinh kế) Lifelong (suốt đời) Lifespan = life expectancy (tuổi Live (trực tiếp) thọ) Lifelike (giống như thật) Major (chính yếu) # minor (nhỏ, Majority (đa số) # minority thứ yếu) (thiểu số) Marry (kết hôn) Marriage (hôn nhân) Married # unmarried Necessitate (làm cho Necessity (thứ cần thiết) Necessary (cần thiết) # unnecessaribly cái gì cần thiết) unnecessary Obey (tuân theo) Obedience (sự tuân theo) Obedient (vâng lời) 3 Obediently # # disobedience disobedient disobediently Oppose (chống đối) Opposition (sự chống đối) Opposed Opponent (đối thủ) opposing Patience (sự kiên nhẫn) Patient (kiên nhẫn) # Patiently # # impatience impatient imapatiently Popularize (phổ cập) Popularity (tính phổ biến) Popular # unpopular Popularly Possibility (khả năng, sự có thể) Possible (có thể) # Possibly # # impossibility impossible impossibly Prefer (thích hơn) Preference (sự ưu tiên) Preferential (ưu đãi) Preferably Preferable (thích hơn) Produce (sản xuất, Product (sản phẩm) Productive (sinh lợi, có tạo ra) Produce [U] (sản phẩm nói năng suất) chung) Productivity (năng suất) Producer (nhà sản xuất) Profit (lợi nhuận) Profitable (có thể mang lại profitably Profitability (tính có lợi) lợi nhuận) Non-profit (phi lợi nhuận) Profitless (vô dụng) Protect (bảo vệ) Protection (sự bảo vệ) Protective (bảo hộ, che protectively chở) Protected (được bảo vệ) 31
32. Pollute (làm ô Pollution (sự ô nhiễm) Polluted (bị ô nhiễm) nhiễm) Pollutant (chất gây ô nhiễm) Publicize (quảng Public (công chúng, quần Public (công cộng) publicly cáo, làm cho mọi chúng) người biết) Publicity (sự công khai, sự quảng cáo) Publicist (người làm quảng cáo) Recognize (nhận ra) recognition Recognizable (có thể nhận recognizably ra được) # unrecognizable Reduce (làm giảm) Reduction (sự cắt giảm) Refuse (từ chối) Refusal Repeat (lặp lại) repetition Repeated (lặp đi lặp lại) Repeatedly Repeatable (có thể nhắc lại) Responsibility (trách nhiệm) Responsible (có trách reponsibly nhiệm) # irresponsible Satisfy (làm hài Sastisfaction Satisfied (thõa mãn) long, thỏa mãn) Satisfactory (thỏa đáng) Science ( khoa học) Scientifically Scientist (nhà khoa học) Secure (bảo vệ) Security (sự an toàn) Securely Shorten (làm ngắn Shortage (sự thiếu hụt) short Shortly (nhanh, sớm) lại) Shortlist (danh sách rút gọn) Shortcoming (thiếu sót) Signify (làm cho có Significance (ý nghĩa, tầm quan Significant (có ý nghĩa) ý nghĩa) trọng) Solve (giải quyết) Solution (giải pháp) Solvable (có thể giải quyết Solver (người tìm ra giải pháp) được) Submit (nộp) Submission (sự nộp, bài nộp) Succeed (thành success Successful # unsuccessful Successfully công) unsuccessfully Survive (sống sót) Survival (sự sống sót) Value (đánh giá, Value (giá trị) Valuable (có giá trị) # định giá) unvaluable (vô giá) Vary (thay đổi) Variety (sự đa dạng) Various (nhiều, đa dạng) Variable (hay thay đổi) Varied (khác nhau) 32
33. Widen (mở rộng) Width (bề rộng) Wide (rộng rãi) widely Widespread (rộng khắp) Wisdom (sự khôn ngoan) Wise (khôn ngoan) # wisely unwise II. CHỌN TỪ- SỰ KẾT HỢP TỪ ( Word choice- Collocations): Để làm tốt bài tập chọn từ hoặc sự kết hợp của từ ta cần chú ý những điểm sau: - Đọc kĩ câu hỏi và chú ý những từ loại cần điền vào: - Đọc kĩ 4 lựa chọn và ngữ nghĩa của chúng - Lựa chọn đáp án đúng dựa vào kiến thức từ vựng đã học - Nếu chưa quyết định dứt khoát đáp án đúng thì hãy dùng phương pháp loại trừ dần dần những phương án sai. Ví dụ minh họa 1: Chọn từ thích hợp tương ứng với A, B, C hoặc D để hoàn thành câu sau: English is now an effective medium of international ___. A. communication B. talking C. speech D. saying Hướng dẫn: Câu này hỏi sự sử dụng đúng từ trong ngữ cảnh. A Đáp án đúng. English is now an effective medium of internatinonal communication. (Bây giờ tiếng Anh là phương tiện giao tiếp quốc tế hiệu quả), communication = sự giao tiếp. B talking = sự nói; câu chuyện (không thể kết hợp với international) C speech = lời nói; cách nói; bài diễn văn D saying = tục ngữ, châm ngôn Ví dụ minh họa 2: Chọn từ thích hợp tương ứng với A, B, C hoặc D để hoàn thành câu sau: It was such a boring speech that I fell ___. A. asleep B. sleep C. sleepy D. sleepily Hướng dẫn: Câu này hỏi về khả năng kết hợp từ của động từ fall: fall asleep = ngủ thiếp đi; dạng quá khứ của fall là fell. Ngoài ra còn có feel sleepy (cảm thấy buồn ngủ); quá khứ của feel là felt. Đáp án là A It was such a boring speech that I felt asleep. (Bài diễn văn chán đến nỗi tôi ngủ thiếp đi). Ví dụ minh họa 3: Chọn từ thích hợp tương ứng với A, B, C hoặc D để hoàn thành câu sau: He kindly offered to ___ me the way to the station. A. explain B, direct C. describe D. show Hướng dẫn: D Đáp án đúng: show someone the way = chỉ đường cho ai He kindly offered to show me the way to the station. (Ông ta tử tế chỉ cho tôi đường đến nhà ga) A Phương án sai: explain = giải thích B Phương án sai: direct someone to somewhere = chỉ đường cho ai 33
34. Ví dụ: Could you direct me to the airport? (ông làm ơn chỉ đường cho tôi đến sân bay) C Phương án sai: describe = mô tả SỰ KẾT HỢP TỪ VỚI CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ THÔNG DỤNG: DO: (= accomplish, carry out – hoàn thành, thực hiện một công việc) Do an assignment: làm một nhiệm vụ được giao Do business (with): kinh doanh Do one’s best: cố gắng hết sức Do a crossword: chơi ô chữ Do damage: gây thiệt hại Do a course: theo một khóa học Do history/economics: học lịch sử/ kinh tế học Do an experiment: làm thí nghiệm Do good: bổ ích Do harm: gây hại Do a job: làm một công việc Do one’s duty: làm nghĩa vụ Do one’s hair: làm tóc Do one’s homework: làm bài tập về nhà Do research: nghiên cứu Do someone a favour: làm giúp ai điều gì Do the shopping: mua sắm Do wonders/ miracles: mang lại kết quả kì diệu Do without: làm mà không có cái gì Do wrong: làm sai MAKE: (= produce, manufacture- làm ra, chế tạo ra) Make an appointment: thu xếp một cuộc hẹn Make an attempt: cố gắng, nỗ lực Make an announcement: thông báo Make the bed: dọn giường Make a cake: làm bánh Make changes: thay đổi Make a choice: chọn lựa Make a decision: quyết định Make a comment: nhận xét Make a complaint: phàn nàn, than phiền 34
35. Make a comparision: so sánh Make a contribution: đóng góp vào Make a decision: quyết định Make a differrence: tạo sự khác biệt Make a distinction: tạo sự khác biệt/sự tương phản Make an effort: nỗ lực Make an excuse: viện cớ Make a law: thông qua đạo luật Make a mistake: mắc sai lầm Make money: kiếm tiền Make progress: tiến bộ Make a plan: lập kế hoạch Make a phone call: gọi điện thoại Make preparations for: chuẩn bị cho Make a profit: thu lợi nhuận Make a promise: hứa hẹn Make a speech: đọc bài diễn văn Make noise: làm ồn Make a start: khởi hành Make a suggestion: đề nghị Make a will: làm di chúc Make up one’s mind: quyết định Make use of: sử dụng TAKE: Take sb/sth for granted: xem ai/ cái gì là tất nhiên Take place: xảy ra Take part in: tham gia vào Take effect: có hiệu lực Take advantage of sth: tận dụng cái gì Take notice of sth: chú ý dến cái gì Take responsibility for sth: chịu trách nhiệm về cái gì Take interest in: quan tâm đến Take offence: thất vọng, phật ý Take powder/office: nhận chức Take a pity on sb: thông cảm cho ai 35
36. Take a view/ attitude: có quan điểm/ thái độ Take sth as a compliment: xem cái gì như lời khen tặng Take sth as an insult: xem cái gì như lời sỉ nhục HAVE: Have difficulty (in) doing something: gặp khó khăn khi làm cái gì Have a problem: có vấn đề, gặp khó khăn Have a go/ try: thử PAY: Pay attention to: chú ý dến Pay a compliment: khen Pay a visit to sb: đến thăm ai Pay tribute to: bày tỏ long kính trọng SỰ KẾT HỢP TỪ VỚI CÁC DANH TỪ THÔNG DỤNG Danh từ Cụm từ kết hợp advice - follow/ take/ listen to/get on sb’s advice (nghe theo lời khuyên cuae ai) - get/ obtain/ receive advice (nhận lời khuyên) Bill - pay/ settle/ pick up a bill (trả một hóa đơn) - be landed with/ face a bill (chịu một hóa đơn) - an unpaid bill (một hóa đơn chưa thanh toán) Career - at the height/ peak of one’s carreer (ở đỉnh cao sự nghiệp) - embark on a career (dấn thaan vào một nghề) - have a careeer in (có sự nghiệp trong lĩnh vực) - climb the career ladder (thăng tiến nghề nghiệp) - week/ ruin one’s career (hủy hoại sự nghiệp của mình) - a promising/ brilliant career (sự nghiệp đầy hứa hẹn) Chance - get/have a chance (có cơ hội) - give/ offer/ provide a chance (tạo cơ hội) - jump at/ seize/ grab a chance (nắm lấy cơ hội) - not stand a chance of doing sth (không có khả năng làm gì) - sheer/ pure chance (sự tình cờ hoàn toàn) - good/ fair/ high/strong chance (khả năng cao) - minimal/ slight/ little chance (khả năng mong manh) 36
37. Demand - meet/ satisfy/cope with a demand (đáp ứng/ thỏa mãn nhu cầu - increase/ boost/ stimulate demand (tăng nhu cầu) - big/ huge/ great/ considerable/ enormous/ strong demand (nhu cầu lớn/ cao) Difference - make a difference (tạo/ mang sự khác biệt - make all the difference (thay đổi lớn) - tell the difference (phân biệt) - feel/ know/ notice/ see/ perceive/ the difference (cảm nhận, nhận thức sự khác biệt) - considerable/ enormous/ maor/ profound/ dramatic/ sharp difference (sự khác biệt đáng kể, rõ rệt) - with a difference (đặc biệt khác thường) difficulty - have/ experience/ encounter/ face/ get into/ run into difficulties (gặp khó khăn) - do sth with/ without difficulty (làm gì một cách khó khăn/ dễ dàng) - solve/ cope with/ deal with difficulties (giải quyết khó khăn) - overcome/ surmount difficulties (vượt qua khó khăn) - great/ enormous/ considerabke/ serious difficulty (khó khăn lớn, nghiêm trọng) Fault - find/ locate/ identify/ discover fault (tìm lỗi) - correct/ fix/ repair/ recify a fault (sữa chữa một lỗi) - be all/ entirely one’s own fault (hoàn toàn do lỗi của ai) - be hardly one’s own fault (hầu như không phải lỗi của ai) - at fault (chịu trách nhiệm về một sai lầm) Favour - do sb a favour (làm giúp ai điều gì) - ask a favour (hỏi xin một ân huệ) - owe sb a favour (mang ơn ai) - return a favour (đáp lại một ân huệ) - find/ gain/ win favour (có được sự ủng hộ) - in favour of sth (ủng hộ, tán thành cáu gì) Habit - be in/ have the habit of (có thói quen) - form/ get into/ fall into/ make/ develop/ acquire a habit (hình thành, tạo thành một thói quen) - change a habit (thay đổi một thói quen) - break/ give up/ get out of a habit ( bỏ một thói quen) - by habit (do thói quen) - out of habit (vì thói quen) 37
38. Measure - adopt/ take/ implement/ impose/ introduce a measure (thực hiện/ áp dụng một giải pháp) - appropriate/ effective/ necessary/ practical measure (giải pháp thích hợp/ hiệu quả/ cần thiết/ thực tế) - short- term/ temporary measure (giải pháp tạm thời) Occupation - follow/ take up an occupation ( theo một nghề) - choose an occupation (chọn một nghề) - give up one’s occupation (bỏ nghề) Opportunity - have/ find/ get an opportunity (có/ tìm được một cơ hội) - have ample/ considerable/ plenty of opportunity (có nhiều cơ hội) - have limited/ little/ not much opportunity (có ít cơ hội) - a good/ great/ wonderful/ golden opportunity (cơ hội tốt, cơ hội tuyệt vời, cơ hội vàng) Problem - encounter/ be faced with/ confront/ be confronted with a problem (gặp phải một vấn đề) - solve/ deal with/ clear up/ overcome a problem (giải quyết/ vượt qua một vấn đề) - big/ great/ serious/ acute problem (vấn đề lớn/ nghiêm trọng) Popularity - gain/ grow/ enjoy popularity (ngày càng được ưa thích) - at the peak of sb’s/ sth’s popularity (ở đỉnh cao của sự nổi tiếng) - an increase/ a rise in popularity (sự ưa chuộng, gia tăng) - a decline/ drop in popularity (giảm/ ít nổi tiếng) Relationship - have/ enjoy a close/ good relationship (có mối lien hệ gần gũi/ tốt) - build (up)/ develop/ establish/ foster a relationship (xây dựng/ thiết lâp mối quan hệ) - improve/ strengthen a relationship (cải thiện, củng cố mối quan hệ) Standard - set a standard (đưa ra, lập ra một tiêu chuẩn) - meet/ achieve/conform to/ comply with standards (đáp ứng, đảm bảo tiêu chuẩn) - raise/ improve standards (nâng cao/ cải thiện chất lượng) Subject - bring up a subject (đưa ra một đề tài) - cover/ discuss/ talk about/ touch a subject (đề cập/ thảo luận một đề tài) - drop a subject (thôi nói về một đề tài) - get off a subject (chán nói về một đề tài) Time - spend time doing sth (dành thời gian làm gì) 38
39. - take sb time to do sth (mất thòi gian làm gì) - find/ make time to do sth (có thời gian làm gì) - kill/ pass time (giết thời gian) - time + pass / go by/ elapse (thời gian trôi qua) Title - hold a title (giữ một danh hiệu) - defend/ retain a title (bảo vệ/ duy trì danh hiệu) - lose a title (mất danh hiệu) - award/ below/ confer a title (ban một danh hiệu) - under a / the title (với tựa đề) Trouble - bring/ cause/ give sb trouble (gây phiền toái) - take the trouble to do sth (nhọc công làm gì) - have trouble with sth (gặp rắc rối với cái gì) - run into/ get into trouble (gặp rắc rối) NGỮ ĐỘNG TỪ: (Prasal verbs) Ngữ động từ là động từ kép gồm có một động từ và một giới từ, trạng từ hoặc với cả hai. Các ngữ động từ không có nghĩa do các từ gộp lại nên ta phải học thuộc nghĩa của chúng. Ví dụ: turn down (bác bỏ), break down (hỏng máy), give up (từ bỏ) Ngữ động từ có thể phân biệt làm bốn loại: - Ngữ động từ tách ra được (separable phrasal verbs) là các ngữ động từ cho phép tân ngữ chen vào giữa We put out the fire We put the fire out We put it out (Không được nói we put out it) - Ngữ động từ không tách ra được (inseparable phrasal verbs) là các ngữ động từ không cho phép tân ngữ chen vào giữa, dù tân ngữ là danh từ hoặc đại từ. We should go over the whole project We should go over it - Ngoài ra, ta còn gặp ngữ động từ không có tân ngữ (instransitive phrasal verbs) When we got to the airport, the plane had taken off His grandfather passed away last year. - Ngữ động từ gồm có 3 từ (three- word phrasal verbs) là các ngữ động từ không tách ra được. We’ve put up with our noisy neighbours for years. The machine stopped working because it ran out of fuel. 39
40. Các giới từ và trạng từ thông dụng trong ngữ động từ. Các ngữ động từ thường có nghĩa khác với nghĩa của các thành phần tạo nên chúng. Tuy nhiê, trong một số trường hợp chúng ta có thể dễ dàng đoán được nghĩa của ngữ động từ qua việc nắm vững nghĩa của các giới từ và trạng từ thông dụng. down (xuống đất): cut down a tree, pull down a building, knock him down down (lên giấy): write down the number, copy down the address, note down a lecture down (giảm bớt) turn down the volume, slow down, (a fire) that lied down down (ngừng hoạt động hoàn toàn) break down, close down off (rời khỏi, lìa khỏi) set off a journey, a plane that took off, a book cover that came off, see a friend off at the airport, sells goods off cheaply off (làm gián đoạn) turn off/ switch off the television, cut off the electricity, ring off on (mặc, mang vào) have a shirt on, put the shoes on, try a coat on on (tiếp tục) keep on doing something, work on late, hang on/ hold on on (kết nối) turn on/ switch on the light, leave the radio on out (biến mất) put out a fire, blow out a candle, wipe out the dirt, cross out a word out (hoàn toàn, đến hết) clean out the table, fill out a form, work out the answer out (phân phát) give out/ hand out copies, share out the food between them out (lớn giọng) read out the names, shout out, cry out, speak out out (rõ ràng) make out the meanings, point out a mistake, pick out the best over (từ đầu đến cuối) read over/ check over something, think over/ talk over a problem, go over a report up (làm gia tăng) turn off the volume, blow up/ pump up a tyre, step up production 40
41. up (hoàn toàn, hết sạch) eat/ drink it up, use up something, clear up/ tidy up the mess, pack up a suitcase, cut up into pieces, lock up before leaving, sum up a situation. Một số ngữ động từ thường gặp Ngũa động từ tách ra được: Back up (ủng hộ) If you don’t believe me, ask Bill. He’ll back me up Blow up (làm nổ tung) They blew up the bridge Bring about (làm xảy ra, dẫn đến, gây ra) What brought about the change in his attitude? Bring down (hạ xuống, làm tụt xuống) We must bring the price of the product down if we are going to be competitive Bring up (đưa ra một vấn đề) My friend brought up that matter again Bring up (nuôi dạy) He was born and brought up in a good environment Call off (hoãn lại, ngưng lại, bỏ đi) They called off the meeting Carry on (tiếp tục) He carried on the task while others had left Cheer up (làm cho ai phấn khởi, vui vẻ lên) Mary’s unhappy- we should do something to cheer her up Clear up (dọn dẹp, giải quyết) She cleaned up the spare room Cut down (giảm bớt, cắt bớt) He cut down the numbet of employees in his company Do over (làm lại từ đầu) I’m sorry but your writing is not good enough. You’ll have to do it over. Draw up (lập kế hoạch) The residents of the building drew up a plan to catch the thief Fill in/ out (điền vào tờ đơn, tờ khai) He filled out the job application form Filll up (đổ, lấp đầy) She filled up the jug with the water 41
42. Find out (phát hiện ra) She found out the truth Figure out (suy nghĩ để tìm ra) Can you figure out how to do it? Give away (cho, phân phát) He gave away his clothes to the poor Give back (hoàn lại, trả lại) He hasn’t given bacjk my book yet. Give up (từ bỏ, bỏ cuộc) You should always keep trying. Don’t give up! Hand in (nộp bài vở ) The students handed in their essays. Hand out (phân phát) Peter, please hand these copies out to the class. Hang up (treo lên, cúp máy) We were talking when she suddenly hung up the phone Hold up (làm đình trệ, trì hoãn) I was held up in the traffic for nearly 2 hours. Lay off (cho ai nghỉ việc) His company has laid off another 50 people this week. Leave out (bỏ đi) He left out all the prepositions Let down (làm thất vọng) He really let me down by not finishing the assignment Look over (xem xét, kiểm tra) I am going to look the house over next week Look up (tìm kiếm trong tài liệu tra cứu) She had to look up too many words in the dictionary Make up (bịa, dựng chuyện) He made up a story about how he got robbed on the way to work. Make out (hiểu) He was so far away, we really couldn’t make out what he was saying. Pass on (truyền, chuyển tiếp) He passed the news on to the president Pick out (chọn ra) She picked out some very nice clothes 42
43. Pick up (đón ai bằng xe) He had to leave early to pick up hí daughter. Point out (chỉ ra) She pointed out the mistakes. Put away (cất đi chỗ khác) They put away the books Put off (hoãn lại) He asked me to put off the meeting until tomorrow Put on (mặc quần áo) He put on his hat and left Put out (dập tắt) They arrived in time to put out the fire. Set up (bắt đầu, thành lập, mở văn phòng, trường học ) They set up a new office in Vietnam Take down (ghi chép) Take down the instructions Take off (cởi bỏ quần áo) He took off hia hat when he saw her Take over (tiếp quản, tiếp tục) CBS Records was taken over by Sony Throw away (ném đi, vứt đi) Don’t throw the book away. Try on (mặc thử quần áo) She tried on five blouses in the shop Try out (kiểm tra cái gì qua việc sử dụng nó) I tried out the car before I bought it Turn down (giảm âm lượng) Could you turn down the radio, please? Turn down (khước từ) His application was turned down Turn into (biến thành, trở thành) The prince was turned into a frog by the witch Turn off (khóa, tắt ) We turned off the television Turn on (khởi động, bật lên) Would you mind turning on the cassette player? 43
44. Use up (dùng hết) They have used up all the money. Ngữ động từ không tách ra được: Break in/ into (đột nhập) Someone broke into my apartment last night and stole the money. Call on (thăm viếng) He called on his friend Call for (đòi hỏi) This plan called for a lot of effort Care for sb (chăm sóc) He cared for his sick father for three years Come across (gặp một cách tình cờ) I came across a photo of my grandmother yesterday when I was cleaning the house. Count on (tin cậy vào, dựa vào) I counted on him to show me what to do. Get over (vượt qua) It took me two weeks to get over the flu Go over (xem lại, đọc lại) The students went over the material before the exam Hear from (nhận được tin của ai) Have you heard from him lately? Look after (chăm sóc, trông nom) Who is looking after your dog? Look for (tìm kiếm) He’s looking for his keys Look into (điều tra) The police are looking into the murder Run across (tìn cờ gặp ai hoặc tìm thấy cái gì) I ran across my old roommate at the college reunion. Run into (tình cờ gặp ai) I ran into my old friend on the way to school stand for (thay cho, đại diện cho) VIP stands for “very important person” Take after (giống ai) He takes after his mother 44
45. Ngữ động từ không có tân ngữ Break down (hỏng máy) The car has broken down. Break out (nổ ra, bùng nổ) The war broke out when the talks failed. Catch on (hiểu) He catches on very quickly. You never have to explain twice. Come back (quay lại, trở lại) I will never come back to this place Come in (đi vào) They came in through the back door Come to (tỉnh lại) He was hit on the head very hard, but after several minutes, he started to come to again Come over (ghé thăm nhà ai) The children promised to come over, but they never do. Come up (nêu lên một vấn đề) That issue never came up during the meeting. Die down (lắng xuống) The dispuse had lied down and he was able to lead a normal life again. Dress up (mặc diện) We should dress up to go to the theater. Drop by (tạt vào, nhân tiện đi qua ghé vào thăm) If you come to our town, please drop by to see us Eat out (ăn tối ở nhà hàng) Do you feel like eating out tonight? Get on (tiến bộ) How are you getting on in your new job? Get up (ngủ dậy) He got up early to go to the airport. Go back (trở về, về, trở lại) I’ll never go back to that place Go off (nổ, reo lên) The gun wen off when he was cleaning it Go off (đèn, điện tắt) Suddenly the lights went off. 45
46. Go on (tiếp tục) I though he would stop, but he just went on Go on (xảy ra, diễn ra) What’s going on here? Go up (tăng, tăng lên) The price of gas went up by 5 % Grow up (trưởng thành) This is the town where I grew up Hold on (giữ máy điện thoại không cắt) Could you hold on a minute, please? Keep on (tiếp tục) The kept on looking for the dog Pass out (mê đi, bất tỉnh) She passed out when she heard the news. Pull up (dừng lại, làm dừng lại) A black car has just pulled up outside your front door Set off (bắt đầu lên đường) We set off very early Show off (khoe khoang) He’s always showing off about how much money he has got. Show up (xuất hiện) He didn’t show up last night Speak up (nói to hơn) Can you speak up a little? I can’t hear you? Take off (máy bay cất cánh) The plane is taking off Turn up (đến nơi, xuất hiện) She invited a lot of people to her party, but only a few turned up. Ngữ động từ gồm có 3 từ: Break in on (cắt ngang, làm gián đoạn) He broke in on our conversation Catch up with (đuổi kịp) She left an hour ago. I’ll never catch up with her now. Come in for (hứng chịu sự phê bình, công kích) He has come in for a lot of criticism lately 46
47. Come up with (tìm ra lời giải, ý tưởng .) He came up with a very good idea Cut down on (giảm bớt) He’s trying to cut down on cigarettes Do away with (loại bỏ) Most students want to do away with the present curriculum Drop out of (bỏ học nửa chừng) A lot of students dropped out of school last yerar. Face up to (chấp nhận và đối mặt với một điều kiện không dễ chịu) You must face up to the fact that you can’t do the job. Get away with (thoát khỏi sự trừng phạt) This is the third time you have been late this week. You’re not going to away with it again. Get down to (bắt đầu công việc một cách nghiêm túc) It’s time to get down to business Get on/ along with (hòa đồng với, có quan hệ thân hữu) Do you get on with your neighbours? Get through with (hoàn thành, hoàn tất) When will you ever get through with that project? Keep up with (theo kịp) Salaries are not keeping up with inflation. Look forward to (mong chờ) I look forward to the holiday. Look down on (khinh thường) He looks down on his neighbours Look out for (cẩn thận, coi chừng) Slow down. Look out for children crossing. Look up to (ngưỡng mộ, kính trọng) He really looks up to his older brother. Make up for (bù đắp) I got up late; I’ve spent all day making up for lost time. Put up with (chịu đựng) I can’t put up with him any more. He’s so rude Run out of (cạn, hết) The car has run out of petrol 47
48. THÀNH NGỮ (Idioms) Một số thành ngữ thông dụng: Session 1: (dùng cho Exercise 1- Phần thành ngữ) - take someone/ something for granted: cho là điều dĩ nhiên - take something into account/ consideration: tính đến cái gì, kể đến cái gì - take it easy: không làm việc quá căng thẳng - keep an eye on someone/ something: để mắt đến - lose touch with someone: mất liên lạc - pay attention to someone/something: chú ý đến - catch sight of someone/ something: nhìn thấy (trong chốc lát) - at someone’s disposal: có sẵn cho ai sử dụng theo ý muốn - splitting headache: nhức đầu như búa bổ - beat about the bush: nói vòng vo tam quốc - off the beg: (quần áo) may sẵn - on the house: không phải trả tiền - on the shelf: (đồ vật) xếp xó, bỏ đi, không còn có ích nữa - hit the roof: giận dữ - make someone’s blood boil: làm cho ai giận điên lên - bring down the house: làm cho cả rạo hát vỗ tay nhiệt liệt - pay throight the nose: trả giá mắc - by the skin of one’s teeth: sát sao - pull someone’s leg: true chọc ai Session 2: (dùng cho Exercise 2- Phần thành ngữ) - get butterflies in one’s stomach: cảm thấy bồn chồn - sell like hot cakes: bán đắt như tôm tươi - shooting star: sao băng - sow one’s wild oats: trải qua thời kì đeo đuổi những thú vị bừa bãi - close shaves: những lần thoát hiểm trong gang tấc - have a bee in one’s bonnet about something: hay chú trọng, đặt nặng vấn đề gì - blow one’s own trumpet: huênh hoang - fight tooth and nail: chiến đấu ác liệt, đánh nhau ác liệt - head over heels: lăn lông lốc, hoàn toàn - smell a rat: nghi ngờ có âm mưu, nghi ngờ có sự dối trá - know something like the back of one’s hand: biết rõ điều gì - the last straw: giọt nước tràn ly 48
49. - fly off the handle: mất bình tĩnh, thình lình nổi nóng Session 3: (dùng cho Exercise 3- Phần thành ngữ) - drop someone a line: viết thư cho ai - have/ get cold feet: sợ hãi - beside the point: không thích hợp - for the time being: trong lúc này - off the record: không được ghi, không chính thức - piece of cake: việc dễ làm - chip off the old block: người có tính cách giống bố - one’s cup of tea: người hoặc vật mình ưa thích - get something on one’s mind: đang bận tâm về điều gì - down at heel: tàn tạ xơ xác - make money hand over fist: vớ được lợi lộc béo bở - in/ out of practice: có/ không có thời gian luyện tập - burn the candle at botjh ends: làm việc hết sức, không biết giữ sức - play with fire: chơi với lửa - go to town (on something): làm cái gì rất hăng hái (nhất là bằng cách chi tiền) - have something on the tip of one’s tongue: sắp nhớ ra, sắp nói ra Session 4: Dùng cho Exercise 4- Phần thành ngữ) - put one’s feet in it: làm phiền ai - kill two birds with one stone: một công đôi việc, nhất cử lưỡng tiện - hit the nail on the head: nói chính xác - put two and two together: cứ thế mà suy ra - keep one’s fingers crossed for someone: cầu mong điều tốt đẹp cho ai - it’s no use/ good crying over split milk: kêu ca cũng bằng thừa - by a hair’s breath: trong đường tơ kẽ tóc - have a narrow/ hairbreadth escape: suýt nữa thì bị tóm, may mà thoát được hình phạt - a sight for sore eyes: cảnh tượng dễ chịu - keep one’s chin up: giữ vững can đảm - come out of one’s shell: trở nên dạn dĩ, cởi mở - catch someone on the top: đến một cách bất ngờ - on the spot: lập tức, tại chỗ - (like) water off a duck’s back: nước đổ đầu vịt (không có tác dụng đối với ai) - Fight windmills: đánh nhau với kẻ địch tưởng tượng - Spitting image: có mặt giống như khuôn đúc 49
50. Session 5: (dùng cho Exercise 5- Phần thành ngữ) - money for old rope: cách làm ra tiền một cách dễ dàng - old wives’ tale: chuyện mê tín huyền hoặc - long shot: biện pháp xa vời, ít có cơ may thành công - fly in the ointment: mắc míu nhỏ - crying shame: sự xấu hổ - wet blanket: người làm cho tập thể cụt hứng (ví bản thân ũ rũ buồn rầu) - in every nook and cranny: trong mọi ngóc ngách - general dogsbody: người gánh công việc cho người khác - a soft spot for someone/ something: thích ai/ cái gì - a last/ final fling: trò đùa, ăn chơi cuối cùng Một số thành ngữ thông dụng về so sánh: Session 6: (dùng cho Exercise 6- Phần thành ngữ) - as strong as a horse/ an ox: khỏe như voi - as thin as a rake: gầy đét - as tough as old boots (nhất là về thịt): rất dai, khó nhai - as white as a sheet: trắng bệch, xanh như tàu lá (do sợ hãi, choáng váng) - as cool as a cucumber: bình tĩnh, không hề nao núng - as deaf as a post: điếc đặc - as different as chalk and/ from cheese: hoàn toàn khác nhau - fit as a fiddle: khỏe như vâm, rất sung sức - like a lamp: hiền lành - as good as gold: có đạo đức rất tốt, rất có giáo dục Session 7: (dùng cho Exercise 7- Phần thành ngữ) - as light as air/ a feather: rất nhẹ - as old as the hills: rất cũ, cổ xưa - as plain as the nose on one’s face: rõ như ban ngày - as flat as a pancake: đét như cá mắm - with knobs on (dùng để đáp lại một câu lăng mạ hoặc sự đồng ý dứt khoát): chẳng kém gì, được đấy - as pleased as Punch: rất hài long - as keen as mustard: hết sức hăng hái hoặc nhiệt tình - as clear as a bell: rành rọt, dễ nghe - as fresh as a daisy: tươi như hoa - as hard as nails: cứng rắn, tàn nhẫn - as large as life: được thấy xuất hiện bằng xương bằng thịt (không thể nhầm lẫn) 50
51. - as stubborn as a mule: cứng đầu cứng cổ, ương bướng Session 8: (dùng cho Exercise 8- Phần thành ngữ) - as sober as a judge: tỉnh táo không hề say rượu - (as) steady as a rock: vững như bàn thạch - As thick as thieves: rất ăn ý với nhau, rất thân - As red as a beetroot: đỏ như gấc - To sleep like a log: ngủ say như chết - To hold on like grim death: bám chặt không rời - To eat/ work like a horse: ăn/ làm khỏe - To smoke like a chimmey: hút thuốc lá cả ngày - To fit like a glove: vừa khít - To spread like wildfire: (tin đồn) lan rất nhanh - Like a house on fire: rất nhanh, mạnh mẽ - As peas in a pod: giống nhau như hai giọt nước - Like a clockwork: dều đặn như một cái máy 51