Giáo trình mô đun Anh văn chuyên ngành - Nghề: Quản trị mạng máy tính (Phần 2)

Nội dung text: Giáo trình mô đun Anh văn chuyên ngành - Nghề: Quản trị mạng máy tính (Phần 2)

1. 88 MODULE 4. BASIC SOFTWARE Learning objectives In this lesson, you will learn how to: Extract relevant information form texts about system software Recognize the characteristics of a typical graphical user interface or GUI Make a summary of a written text Talk about word processors Identify the function of different word-processing capabilities: search and replace, cut and paste, spell checkers, etc. Understand the basic features of spreadsheets and databases Acquire specific vocabulary related to Internet utilities. 88
2. 89 Lesson 1. Operating Systems I. Warm-up A. Look at the diagram. What is the function of the operating system? B. Read the text below and complete it with the phrases in the box. Operating Systems An operating system is a piece of Unix was created by mavericks software that presents an interface Dennis Ritchey and Ken Thompson in between the computer and the user. 1970 from an older MULTICS system One of the first operating systems was which they both used but did not like the GM OS or General Motors very much. All versions of Linux and Operating System created in 1955. Mac OS X can trace their roots to There are two major kinds of directly back to the original Unix. operating systems, Command Line MS-DOS was Microsoft Corporation's Interfaces (CLI), and more recently, predecessor to Windows. Bill Gates Graphical User Interfaces (GUI). CLIs liked the Unix-like functionality of a use only text and no graphics to program designed by Tim Paterson of display information and the user Seattle Computer Products called navigates by means of the shell. QDOS, and he bought it, rebranded it Examples of popular CLI operating MS-DOS, and licensed it to IBM. MS- systems still in use today are MS-DOS DOS became the underlying CLI for and Linux. Examples of popular GUI all of Microsoft's GUI operating operating systems are Windows, [X- systems up to and including Windows Windows], and Macintosh OS. XP. Perhaps the most popular OS up until the 1990’s was Unix on the mainframe and [MS-DOS] on the PC. 89
3. 90 peripherals are called device drivers. Another main task for an operating system is to control which users have access to specific parts of a computer's resources. Most operating systems have a facility to require users The main operating system today to authenticate with a username and on PCs is of course Microsoft password before being permitted to Windows with over 90% market use the system resources. For share. Windows started out as a home example, the OS will allow a system and office OS but has recently become administrator to set permissions on a a serious challenger to Unix systems file or a directory. even in the enterprise, where UNIX- Modern operating systems also derived systems still have a solid offer many utilities and conveniences foothold. including the ability to easily install What exactly is an operating and uninstall software applications, system composed of? The base unit of monitor hardware, upgrade itself the operating system is a collection of through a network connection, and programs called the kernel. The kernel more. Even basic productivity is the most basic layer which controls applications such as web browsers and the hardware and the file system. text editors are now included as Other programs which help the kernel standard on most operating system interface with the components and releases. II. Reading Read the text and answer these questions: 1) What is an operating system ? 2) What are two major kinds of operating systems? 3) Name one of popular GUI operating systems? 4) What was the most popular OS up until the 1990’s? 5) Whom was Unix created by? 6) Which is the main operating system today on PCs? 7) What exactly is an operating system composed of? 8) What is the kernel? 9) What is another main task for an operating system? 10) What do modern operating systems offer? 90
4. III. Basic DOS commands Match the DOS commands on the left with the explanations on the right. Some commands are abbreviations of English words. 1 FORMAT a erases files and programs from your disk 2 CD (or CHDIR) b copies all files from one floppy disk to another 3 DIR c changes your current directory 4 MD ( or d initializes a floppy disk and prepares it for use MKDIR) 5 DISKCOPY e displays a list of the files of a disk or directory 6 BACKUP f changes names of your files 7 REN g creates a subdirectory (RENAME) 8 DEL h saves the contents of the hard disk on floppy disk for security purposes IV. Language work: Revision of the passive A. The present simple passive We form the present simple passive with am/is/are + past participle. Example: - This program is written in a special computer language. - Programs and data are usually stored on disks. Remember that the word data takes a singular verb (3rd person singular) when it refers to the information operated on in a computer program. - The data is ready for processing. B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1) Various terminals (connect) to this workstation. 2) Microcomputers (know) as ‘PCs’. 3) Magazines (typeset) by computers. 4) When a particular program is run, the data (process) by the computer very rapidly. 5) Hard disks (use) for the permanent storage of information. 91
5. 6) The drug-detecting test in the Tour de France (support) by computers. 7) All the activities of the computer system (coordinate) by the central processing unit. 8) In some modern systems information (hold) in optical disks. V. Quiz Work with a partner. Try to answer as many questions as possible. (Use the Glossary if you need to) 1) What name is given to the set of programs that interface between the user, the applications programs, and the computer? 2) What types of programs are designed for particular situations and specific purposes? 3) What does ‘MS-DOS’ stand for? 4) What is the basic DOS command for copying a file? 5) The Macintosh operating system is kept in various locations. Where exactly are these? 6) Can you give synonym for the term ‘routine’? 7) What is the abbreviation for ‘International Business Machines’? 8) Which company developed UNIX? 9) Which programming language allows you to play animations on the Web? 10) What are the effects of computer viruses? 92
6. Lesson 2. The graphical user interface I. A user-friendly interface The picture below illustrates a user interface based on graphics. Read the definitions in the HELP box and then match with the concept in the right column: The interface elements of the Windows XP HELP box a. Is an area of the computer screen where you can see the 1. window contents of a folder, a file, or a program. Some systems 2. menu allow several windows on the screen at the same time and windows can overlap each other. The window on the top is 3. pointer the one which is ‘active’, the one in use. 4. icons b. Are small picture on the screen. They present programs, 5. folders folders, or files. For example, the Recycle Bin icon represents a program for deleting and restoring files. Most systems have a special area of the screen on which icons appear. c. Give the user a list if choice. You operate the menu by pressing and releasing one or more buttons on the mouse. d. Is the arrow you use to select icons or to choose options from a menu. You move the pointer across the screen with the mouse. Then you click a button on the mouse to use the object selected by the pointer. e. Containers for documents and applications, similar to the subdirectories of a PC platform. 93
7. II. Reading A. Read the article below and decide which of the expressions in the box best describe a graphical user interface (GUI). user-friendly slow text-based complex graphics-based attractive GUIs The terms user-interface refers to applications with a high level of the standard procedures the user consistency. follows to interact with a particular Today, the most innovative GUIs computer. are the Macintosh, Microsoft A good user interface is important Windows, and IBM OS/2 Warp. because when you buy a program you These three platforms include similar want to use it easily. Moreover, a features: a desktop with icons, graphical user interface saves a lot of windows, and folders, a printer time: you don’t need to memorize selector, a file finder, a control panel commands in order to execute an and various desk accessories. Double application; you only have to point clicking a folder opens a window and click so that its content appears on which contains programs, documents, the screen. or further nested folders. At any time Macintosh computers – with a user within a folder, you can launch the interface based on graphics and desired program or document by intuitive tools – were designed with a double-clicking the icon or you can single clear aim: to facilitate drag it to another location. interaction with the computer. Their interface is called WIMP: Window, The three platforms differ in other Icon, Mouse, and Pointer, and areas such as device installation, software products for the Macintosh network connectivity, or compatibility have been designed to take full with application programs. advantage of its features using this These interfaces have been so interface. In addition, the ROM chips successful because they are extremely of a Macintosh contain libraries that easy to use. It is well known that provide program developers with computers running under an attractive routines for generating windows, interface stimulate users to be more dialog boxes, icons, and pop-up creative and produce high quality menus. This ensures the creation of results, which has a major impact on the general public. 94
8. B. Look at the text again and guess the meaning of the words in bold and italics in your own language. C. Find answers to these questions. 1) What does the abbreviation ‘GUI’ stand for? 2) What is the contribution of Macintosh computers to the development of graphic environments? 3) What does the acronym ‘WIMP’ mean? 4) What computing environments based on graphics are mentioned in the text? 5) How do you run a program on a computer with a graphical interface? 6) Can you give two reasons for the importance of user-friendly interfaces? III. Exercise work Add to the statements (1-10) using the extra information (a-j). 1. A barcode is a pattern of a. it contains the main printed black lines electronic components. 2. A floppy is a disk b. it adds features to a computer 3. A mother is a printed circuit c. it is about the size of a board piece of paper. 4. A password is a secret set of d. supermarkets use them characters for pricing 5. A monitor is an output device e. it reads and writes to disks. 6. A disk drive is a unit f. it can hold 1.44Mb of data. 7. An expansion card is an g. it allows access to a electronic board computer system 8. A CD-ROM drive is a common h. it controls all the other storage device boards in a computer 9. A notebook is a portable i. it displays data on a computer screen. 95
9. 10. The system unit is the main j. it read data from a part of the computer CD_ROM disk IV. Language work: Short relative clauses We can join these sentences by using a relative clause. 1) Her house has a network. 2) It allows basic file-sharing and multi-player gaming. 1) + 2) Her house has a network which allows basic file-sharing and multi-player gaming. Relative clauses with certain active verbs can be shortened by omitting the relative word and changing the verb to its ‘-ing’ form. We can shorten the relative clause like this: Her house has a network allowing basic file-sharing and multi-player gaming. Note how these two sentences are joined by a relative clause. 3) The technology is here today. 4) The technology is needed to set up a home network. 3) + 4) The technology which is needed to set up a home network is here today. Relative clauses like this with passive verbs can be shortened by omitting the relative word and the verb ‘to be’. The technology needed to set up a home network is here today. Now link each group of sentences into one sentence using short relative clause. 1 a The technology is here today. b It is needed to set up a home network. 2 a You only need one network printer. b It is connected to the server. 3 a Her house has a network. b It allows basic file-sharing and multi-player gaming. 4 a There is a line receiver in the living room. b It delivers home entertainment audio to speakers. 5 a Eve has designed a site. b It is dedicated to dance. 6 a She has built in links. 96
10. b They connect her site to other dance sites. 7 a She created the site using a program called Netscape Composer. b It is contained in Netscape Communicator. 8 a At the centre of France Telecom’s home of tomorrow is a network. b It is accessed through a Palm Pilot-style control pad. 9 a The network can simulate the owner’s presence. b This makes sure vital tasks are carried out in her absence. 10 a The house has an electronic door-keeper. b It is programmed to recognize you. c This gives access to family only. Using short relative clauses is one way of reducing sentences. Other ways of reducing sentences are: Taking out relative pronouns where possible e.g. The software (that) we bought last year. Omitting qualifying words (adjectives, or modifying adverbs) e.g. (quite) complex/(very) similar Taking out that in reported speech or thoughts . e.g. It is well known (that) computers . I think (that) there’s something wrong with this program. Cutting out unnecessary phrases . e.g. Macintosh computers were designed with a clear aim: to facilitate the user’s interaction with the computer. = Macintosh computers were designed to facilitate the user’s interaction with the computer. V. Writing Summarize the text in Task 2 in 70 – 75 words. You may like to follow these steps. 1. Read through the whole text again and think of a suitable title for it. 2. Make sure you understand all the main points. Go through the text and underline the relevant information in each paragraph. 3. Make notes about the main points: Omit repetitions and unnecessary phrases Leave out details, such as examples 97
11. E.g. notes on the first paragraph: In the past, only experts used computers. But now, emphasis on user-friendly interfaces. 4. Make sentences from the notes and connect the sentences by using linking words (and, but, also, because, that’s why, in fact, therefore, etc.) Write your first draft. 5. Improve your first draft by reducing sentences. 6. Check grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Write the final version of your summary. 98
12. Lesson 3. Spreadsheets I. Looking at a spreadsheet Look at this spreadsheet and try to answer the questions. 1 What is a spreadsheet? What is it used for? 2 In a spreadsheet, there are ‘columns’, ‘rows’, and ‘cells’. Give an example of each from the sample This sample spreadsheet shows the income spreadsheet. and expenses of a company. Amounts are 3 What type of information can given in $ millions be keyed into a cell? 4 What will happen if you change the value of a cell? II. Reading Read the text below and decide whether these sentences are right (√) or wrong (X) 1) A spreadsheet program displays information in the form of a table, with a lot of columns and rows. 2) In a spreadsheet, you can only enter numbers and formulas. 3) In a spreadsheet you cannot change the width of the columns. 4) Spreadsheet programs can produce visual representations in the form of pie charts. 5) Spreadsheets cannot be used as databases. A spreadsheet program is normally number. The point where a column used in business for financial planning and a row intersect is called a cell. For – to keep a record of accounts, to example, you can have cells A1, B6, analyze budgets or to make specific C5, and so on. calculations. It’s like a large piece of A cell can hold three types of paper divided into columns and rows. information: text, numbers and Each column is labeled with a letter formulas. For example, in the sample and each row is labeled with a spreadsheet, the word sales has been 99
13. keyed into cell A2 and the values 890, change in one worksheet the same 478 and 182 have been entered into change is made in the other cells B2, B3, and B4 respectively. So worksheet. when the formula ‘B2 + B3 + B4’ is The format menu in a spreadsheet keyed into cell B5 the program usually includes several commands automatically calculates and displays allowing you to choose the font, the result. number alignment, borders, column width and so on. Formulas are functions or Most spreadsheet programs can operations that add, subtract, multiply generate documents with graphic or divide existing values to produce representations and some include new values. We can use them to three-dimensional options. The values calculate totals, percentages or of cells are shown in different ways discounts. such as line graphs, bar, or pie charts. When you change the value of one Some programs also have a cell, the values in other cells are database facility which transforms the automatically recalculated. You can values of the cells into a database. In also update the information in this case, each column is a field and different worksheets by linking cells. each row is a record. This means that when you make a III. Vocabulary Match the terms in the box with the explanations below. a. formul b. cell c. sales d. payroll e. shares f. revenue g. interest h. expenses 1) A sum of money that is charged or paid as a percentage of a larger sum of money which has been borrowed or invested, e.g. High rates./ 7 percent ~ on a loan. 2) The intersection of a column and a row in a spreadsheet, e.g. the ~ B2. 3) The quantity sold, e.g. The ~ of PCs rose by 10 percent last year. 4) The income – or money – received by a company or organization, e.g. The annual ~ of this multinational company is 5) A ~ in a company is one of the equal parts into which the capital of the company is divided, entitling the holder of the ~ to a proportion of the benefits, e.g. £10 ~s are now worth £11 6) Financial costs; amounts of money spent, e.g. Travelling ~. 100
14. 7) A function or operation that produces a new value as the result of adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing existing values, e.g. If we enter the ~ B5-B10, the program calculates 8) 1 A list of people to be paid and the amount due to each. 2 Wages or salaries paid to employees, e.g. He was on the company’s ~. IV. Language work: Prepositions of place A. Study these examples of prepositions of place. 1 Data moves between the CPU and RAM. 2 Data flows from ROM to the CPU. 3 A program is read from disk into memory. 4 Data is transferred along the data bus. 5 The address number is put onto the address bus. 6 The hard disk drive is inside a sealed case. 7 Heads move across the disk. 8 Tracks are divided into sectors. B. Now complete each sentence using the correct preposition. 1) The CPU is a large chip . the computer 2) Data always flows . the CPU . the address bus. 3) The CPU can be divided . three parts. 4) Data flows . the CPU and memory. 5) Peripherals are devices . T he computer but linked . it. 101
15. 6) The signal moves . the VDU screen . one side . the other. 7) The CPU puts the address . the address bus. 8) The CPU can fetch data . memory . the data bus. V. Graphic representation A. Look at the graph below and, with the help of a partner, check that it is an exact visual representation of the spreadsheet in Task 1. B. Can you calculate the net profits of this firm during the period 1997-98? C. What type of image is this: a pie chart, a bar chart, an area graph, or a line graph? D. What is the advantage, if any, of displaying information as a graph, rather than as a spreadsheet? VI. Extension A. Spreadsheet programs are also used to make out invoices. Look at the invoice below and fill in the blanks with the right words from the box. Quantity Description Price VAT (Value Added Tax) Reference TOTAL Address Company 102
16. B. Have you got a spreadsheet program at work or school? If so, try to produce a similar invoice. 103
17. Lesson 4. Databases I. Warm-up Companies often use databases to store information about customers, suppliers and their own personnel. Study the illustrations and then try to answer these questions. 1) What is a database? 2) Which tasks can be performed by using a database? Make a list of possible applications. 3) What do the terms mean in your language: file, record, field? Name: James Powell Address: 12, Back St. Marital status: single Identification 8994989 Home phone: 456367 Job ENGINEER Department: Data processing SALARY £18,750 Commission: £18,750 II. Reading A. Here is a part of an article about databases. First, read all the way through and underline the basic features of a database. Basic features of database programs With a database, you can store, For example, a record about an organize, and retrieve a large collection employee might consist of of related information on computer. If several fields which give their you like, it is the electronic equivalent name, address, telephone of an indexed filing cabinet. Let us look number, age, salary, and length at some features and applications. of employment with the company. Records are grouped Information is entered on a together into files which hold database via fields. Each field large amounts of information. holds a separate piece of Files can easily be updated: you information, and the fields are can always change fields, add collected together into records. new records, or delete old ones. 104
18. With the right database software, records can be automatically sorted into you are able to keep track of numerical or alphabetical order using stock, sales, market trends, any field. orders, invoices, and many more The best packages also include details that can make our networking facilities, which add a new company successful. dimension of productivity to Another feature of database businesses. For example, managers of programs is that you can different departments can have direct automatically look up and find access to a common database, which records containing particular represents an enormous advantage. information. You can also search Thanks to security devices, you can on more than one field at a time. share part of your files on a network For example, if a managing and control who sees the information. director wanted to know all the Most aspects of the program can be customers that spend more than protected by user-defined passwords. £7,000 per month, the program For example, if you wanted to share an would search on the name field employee’s personal details, but not and the money field their commission, you could protect the simultaneously. commission field. A computer database is much faster In short, a database manager helps to consult and update than a card index you control the data you have at home, system. It occupies a lot less space, and in the library or in your business. B. Now make a list of the words you don’t understand. Can you guess their meaning? Compare your ideas with other students. C. Using the information in the text, complete these statements. 1) A database is used to . 2) Information is entered on a database via 3) Each field holds . 4) ‘Updating’ a file means 5) The advantages of a database program over a manual filing system are 6) Access to a common database can be protected by using III. Puzzle Complete the sentences by using a term from the list. Then write the words in the crossword to find the hidden message. database field layout merging 105
19. record sorted updated 1. In order to personalize a standard letter, you can use ‘mail .’ (a technique which consists of combining a database with a document made with a word processor). 2. Records can be automatically . into any order. 3. You can decide how many fields you want to have on a . 4. Files can easily be . by adding new information or deleting the old one. 5. A . program can be used to store, organize and retrieve information of any kind. 6. The . of the records can be designed by the user. Each piece of information is given in a separate . . IV. Language work Requirements: Need to, have to, must, be + essential, critical Note how we describe We can also treat need as a requirements of particular modal verb and use the jobs: negative form needn’t: 1. You need to be able to empathise 7. You needn’t have a degree in with the person at the other end of computing science. the phone. Have to is an ordinary verb. 2. IT managers have to take Its negative form is made in responsibility for budgets. the usual way: 3. You must be interested in your 8. You don’t have to be an expert subject. in everything. 4. You must have worked for at least Mustn’t has a quite different two years in systems analysis. meaning. It means it is important not to do 106
20. 5. Experience with mainframes is something. It is used for essential/ critical. warning, rules, and strong advice. For example: We can describe things which are not requirements like 9. You mustn’t make unauthorized this: copies of software. 6. You don’t need to have a degree in computing science. A. Now fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verbs, need to, have to, and must, to make sensible statements. More than one answer is possible in some examples. 1) Technical qualifications to be renewed at intervals to ensure they do not go out of date. 2) You become an expert in too narrow a field. 3) You to have good communication skills to become an IT Manager. 4) You be an expert in hardware to become a programmer. 5) You have worked with IBM mainframes for at least two years. 6) You be able to show leadership. 7) You have a degree but it be in computing science 8) You to have experience in JavaScript 9) You be able to use C++ 10) These days you study BASIC B. Study these requirements for different jobs in computing advertised on the Internet. Then describe the requirements using the methods studied in this unit. Systems Manager/ Support Analyst: Programmer Programmer IBM Mainframe MVS Technical IBM MVS support 3 yrs exp. SAP Basic specialist technician Technical Min. 2 yrs work 1 yr exp. of VTAM, Environment in systems NCP, SSP, NPM, Team player with programming IBM 3745-900 strong analytical and 107
21. Plus exp. of hardware problem-solving Netview/ Authorized to work in skills automation the EU Ability to design & support communicate issues and solutions and manage time effectively Webmaster Cisco Technician IS Manager Strong Unix CCNA qualified Knowledge of NT experience Excellent skills in the and Netware Able to use surrounding Experience of ERP HTML, technologies systems DHTML, and Min. 2 yrs work in implementation JavaScript support Very strong Knowledge of managerial skills Shell Scripts V. Writing Imagine that you are Barry Stephens, the sales manager of Sunrise Computer. Write a standard letter to your clients about ‘New software products on the market’, and offer them a free demonstration disk. 108
22. MODULE 5. FACES OF THE INTERNET Lesson 1. The internet and email I. Internet basics A. In pairs, discuss how you would define the Internet B. Make a list of all the things you can use the Internet for II. Internet FAQs A. Read Part 1 of the internet FAQs and choose the correct answers 1) The internet was a. Invented in the mid-90s b. Popular in the 1960s c. Probably created in the USA 2) Which term describes any fast, high-bandwidth connection? a. Broadband b. Dial-up connection c. Wi-Fi connection 3) The power-line internet provides broadband access through a. Telephone lines b. Satellites c. Electrical power lines 4) Which device converts computer data into a form that can be transmitted over phone lines? a. ADSL b. A mobile phone c. A modem 5) The standard protocol that allows computers to communication over the Internet is called a. An IP address b. TCP/IP c. HTTP 6) The geographical region covered by one or several access points is called a a. Wireless access point b. Hotspot c. Wireless network device. 109
23. Internet FAQs: Part 1 How old is the Internet (the Net)? When was it created? It’s hard to say exactly. The research that led to what we now know as the Internet was begun in the 1960s Who created the Internet? Again, it’s hard to say exactly who created it. The initial research was carried out by the Advanced Research Projects Agency in America, funded by the US government. Did the Internet become popular quickly? It took many years for the Internet to become popular around the world. It’s only really since the mid-90s that the Internet has been a part of our daily lives. How do you get online? To get connected, you need a computer, the right connection Software and a modem connected to the phone line. You also need an account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP), which acts a gateway between your PC and the rest of the Net. How fast are today’s internet connections? Today, ISPs offer a broadband, high-speed connection. The most common types are cable-offered by local cable TV companies-and ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), which works through phone lines. They are both faster than the traditional dial-up telephone connection. Broadband access is also offered by some electricity networks. This connection technology, known as power-line Internet, provides low-cost access via the power plug, but is still in development. How long has broadband existed? Since the late 1990s. How much does broadband access cost? It depends on which company you choose. Nowadays, some companies even offer free broadband. Why do you need a modem? A modem (modulator/demodulator) converts digital signals into analogue signals so that data can be transmitted across the phone or cable network. What does TCP/IP mean? The language used for data transfer on the Internet is known as TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/ Internet Protocol). This is like the internet 110
24. operating system. Every computer connected to the Net is identified by a unique IP address. Are there other ways of accessing the Internet? Other methods of internet access include Wi-Fi, satellite, mobile phones and TV set equipped with a modem, Wi-Fi-enabled laptops or PDAs allow you to connect to the Net if you are near a wireless access point, in locations called hotspots (for example, a Wi-Fi café, pack or campus). Satellite services are used in places where terrestrial access is not available (for example, on ships at sea). High-end mobile phones provide access through the phone network. B. In pairs, discuss which of the internet systems (1-6) you would use to do the tasks (a-f). then read Part 2 of the FQAs and check your answers 1. Email a. Transfer files from the Internet to your hard drive 2. The Web b. Send a message to another person via the Internet 3. Newsgroups c. Have a live conversation (usually typed) online 4. Chat and IM d. Connect to a remote computer by entering instructions, and run a program on it 5. FTP e. Take part in public discussion areas devoted to specific topics 6. Telnet f. Download and view documents published on the Internet Internet FAQs: Part 2 Email Email lets you exchange messages with people all over the world. Optional attached files can include text, pictures and even audio and animation. A mailing list uses email to communicate messages to all its subscribes – that is, everyone that belongs to the list. Which email program is the best? Outlook Express is a popular program, but many users use web-based email accounts such as Hotmail. The web The Web consists of billions of document living on web servers that use the HTTP protocol. You navigate through the Web using a program called a web browser, which lets you search, view and print web pages. How often are web pages updated? It depends entirely on the page. Some are updated thousands of times a day. 111
25. Chat and Instant Messaging (IM) Chat and Instant Messaging technologies allow you to have real-time conversations online, by typing messages at the keyboard. FTP FTP, of file transfer protocol, is used to transfer files over a TCP/IP network. Nowadays, this feature is built into Web browsers. You can download programs, games and music files from a remote computer to your hard drive. Telnet Telnet is a protocol and a program used to log onto remote computer systems. It enables you to enter commands that will be executed as if you were entering them directly on the remote server. Newsgroups Newsgroups are the public discussion areas which make up a system called Usenet. The contents are contributed by people who post articles or respond to articles, creating chains of related postings called message threads. You need a newsreader to subscribe to newsgroups and to read and post messages. The newsreader may be a stand-alone program or part of a web browser. How many newsgroups are there? There are approximately 30,000 active newsgroups. Where can you find newsgroups? Your newsreader may allow you to download the newsgroup addresses that your ISP has included on its news server. An alternative to using a newsreader is to visit web forums instead, which perform the same function but without the addition software. C. Find words and phrases in part 2 with following meanings 1) A system used to distribute email to many different subscribers at once (in Email paragraph) 2) A program used for displaying web pages (in The Web paragraph) 3) To connect to a computer by typing your username and password (in Telnet paragraph) 4) A series of interrelated messages on a given topic (in Newsgroups paragraph) 5) A program for reading Usenet newsgroups (in Newsgroups paragraph) III. Language work: questions 112
26. A. Look at the HELP box and then make a question about Sue Clarke for each of her answers 1) I’m 23 years old 2) I’m an online researcher 3) . I use the Internet to find information Sue Clarke requested by clients 4) I’ve been doing this job for six months 5) I graduated from university in 2006 HELP box Place Questions Where can you find newsgroups? In questions, we normally place the Time auxiliary verb before the subject. When was it created? Are there other ways of accessing the How often are web pages updated? Internet? How long has broadband existed? If there is no other auxiliary, we use Reason do/does (present simple) or did (past Why do you need a modem? simple) Quantity Did Internet become popular How much does broadband access cost? quickly? How many newsgroups are there? There are many question words in Manner English which we use to find out How do you get online? more information than just yes or no Others People How fast are today’s internet Who created the Internet? connections? Things How old is the Internet? What does TCP/IP mean? Which email program is the best? B. In pairs, make questions using these prompts. Then practice asking and answering the questions. 113
27. Example: When / first / use the Internet when did you first use the Internet? 1) What type of internet connection / have at home? 2) How fast/ your internet connection? 3) How much / pay for broadband access? 4) How often/ access the internet? 5) Which email program/use? 6) Who/ send email to? 7) Do / use you mobile phone to access the Internet? 8) Do / use the internet in public spaces using Wi-Fi? 9) Do/ play games online? 10) How many newsgroups / subscribe to? 114
28. Lesson 2. The web I. A typical web page Read the text and label the features on the screenshot with the terms in bold A typical web page At the top of the pages is the URL updates. When a web page won’t load, address. URL means Uniform you can refresh the current page, Resource Locator – the address of a file meaning the page reloads (downloads on the Internet. A typical URL look like again). If you want to mark a website this address so that you can easily revisit the In this URL, http:// means page at a later time, you can add it to Hypertext Transfer protocol and tells your favorites, or bookmark it. When the program to look for a web page. you want to visit it again you simply www mean world wide web. click show favorites. 24h.com.vn is the domain name of the On the web page itself, most sites server that hosts the website – a feature clickable image links and company based in Vietnamese; other clickable hypertext links. Together, top-level domains are .com these are known as hyperlinks and take (commercial site), .edu (education), you to other web pages when clicked. .org (organization) or .net (network); abc is the directory path where the web page is located. The parts of the URL are separated by . (dot), / (slash) and : (colon). Some sites begin ftp://, a file transfer protocol used to copy files from one computer to another. The toolbar shows all the navigation icons, which let you go back one page or go forward one page. You can also go to the home page or stop the current transfer when the circuits are busy Tab buttons let you view different sites at the same time, and the built-in search box helps you look for information. If the feed button lights up, it means the site offers RSS feeds, so you can automatically receive 115
29. II. Language work: collocations 2 A. Look at the HELP box and then match the words on the left (1-6) with the words on the right (a-f) to make collocations. There may be more than one possible answer. 1. Online a. friends 2. Take b. photos 3. Email c. action 4. Upload d. website 5. Portable e. encyclopedia 6. official f. player B. In pairs, make sentences using the collocations above. C. Find the collocations in these sentences and say what type they are 1) Once you are online, you can browse the Web, visit chat rooms or send and receive emails. 2) Instant messaging can be a great way to communicate with friends. 3) This software may not be fully compatible with older operating systems. 4) Most webcam plug into a USB port. 5) This highly addictive game will keep you playing for hours 6) Companies are starting to use virtual reality on their websites. HELP box Adverb + adjective Collocations 2 Highly sensitive information A collocation is a pair or group of Freely available on the Web words that are often used together. Adjective + noun For example, we say make phone call, Mathematical formulas not do phone calls. Up-to-date information Here are some common types of The world online often collocates collocation with other words and can function as Verb + noun adjective or adverb. Surf the Web Adjective: They post opinions on Download music online journals Verb + particle Adverb: a podcast is an audio Hack into a computer recording posted online. Log onto a bank account D. Complete the extracts with words from the box Authorization Fake Internet auction Shopping cart 116
30. Browse Login steal 1) Occasionally I also buy things on .sites such as eBay where people offer and sell things to the highest bidder. 2) First you enter a site dedicated to e-commerce and their products 3) Then you put the items you want to buy into a virtual -a program that lets you select the products and buy with a credit card 4) You may have to .with a username and a password 5) for some transactions, you will be required to use a TAN, a transaction number 6) Be aware of phishing – you may receive .emails claiming to be from your bank and asking for personal information or account details in an attempt to .you identity. III. Language work: the prefixes e- and cyber- Look at the HELP box and then complete these sentences 1 A .is an employee who HELP box uses his company’s internet The prefixes e- and cyber- connection during work hours to The e- prefix means electronic and chat with friends, play games, etc. we add it to activities that take place 2 An .is a postcard sent via the on computers or online, for example Internet e-business/e-commerce – business 3 An .is a small magazine or conducted over the Internet. Other newsletter published online example include; e-card, e-learning, 4 In a you can use e-zine, e-voting, e-signature, e- computers with internet access for a assessment, e-cash, e-book and e- fee pal. 5 Examples of .include internet There are often spelling variations, fraud, digital piracy, theft of with or without a hyphen, so always confidential information, etc. check your dictionary. 6 In the future, all elections will be The cyber- prefix comes from carried out using cybernetics, and we use it to describe 7 You can now sign legal documents things related to computer networks, online using an . for example cybercafé – an internet 8 will revolutionize the café. Other examples include: way we take exams cybercrime, cyberculture, cyberslacker and cyberspace 117
31. 9 can be used on some websites instead of real money to make purchases. It reduces the risk of fraud. 10 An . is like the paper version, but in digital form. 118
32. IV. What do you use the Web for? In pairs, discuss these questions. Give reasons for your answers. 1 what is your favorites search engine to find information on the Web? Why? 2 Do you download music or video clips from the Web? Do you pay for them? 3 Do you buy things online? Is it better to buy online or go to a shop? 4 Have you ever listened to the radio or watched TV online? 5 Do you use the Web to do school/university assignments or projects? How? 119
33. Lesson 3. Internet security I. On alert A. In pair, discuss these questions. 2) What is a hacker? 3) How easy do you think it is to infiltrate the Internet and teal sensitive information? 4) How can you protect your computer from viruses and spyware? A. Match the captions (1-4) with the pictures (a-d) 1 A secure website can be recognized in two ways: the address bar shows the letters https and a closed padlock or key is displayed at the bottom of the screen. 2 You have to type your username and password to access a locked computer system 3 This program displays a message when it detects spyware and other unwanted software that may compromise your privacy or damage your computer. 4 Private networks use a software and/or hardware mechanism called a firewall to block unauthorized traffic from the Internet. a . c b d . 120
34. II. Security and privacy on the Internet A. Read the text quickly and see how many of your ideas from 1A Question are mentioned B. Read the text more carefully and answers these questions. 1) Why is security so important on the Internet? 2) What security features are offered by Mozilla Firefox? 3) What security protocol is used by banks to make online transactions secure? 4) How can we protect our email and keep it private? 5) What methods are used by companies to make internal networks secure? 6) In what ways can a virus enter a computer system? 7) How does a worm spread itself? Security and privacy on the Internet There are many benefits from an cookies – small files placed on your open system like the Internet, but one hard drive by web servers so that they of the risks is that we are exposed to can recognize your PC when you hackers, who break into computer return to their site. systems just for fun, to steal If you use online banking services, information, or to spread viruses. So make sure they use digital how do we go about making our certificates – files that are like digital online transactions secures? identification cards and that identify Security on the Web users and web servers. Also be sure to Security is crucial when you send use a browser that is compliant with confidential information online. SSL (Secure Socket Layer), a Consider, for example, the process of protocol which provides secure buying a book on the Web. You have transactions. to type your credit card number into Email privacy an order form which passes from Similarly, as you email travels computer to computer on its way to across the Net, it is copied temporarily the online bookstore. If one of the onto many computers in between. intermediary computers is infiltrated This means that it can be read by by hackers, your data can be copied. people who illegally enter computer To avoid risks, you should set all systems. security alerts to high on your web The only way to protect a message browser. Mozilla Firefox displays a is to put it in a sort of virtual envelope lock when the website is secure and – that is, to encode it with some form allows you to disable or delete of encryption. A system designed to 121
35. send email privately is Pretty Good disc drive – if you insert an infected privacy, a freeware program written disc – or via the Internet. A worm is a by Phil Zimmerman. self-copying program that spreads Network security through email attachments; it Private networks can be attacked replicates itself and sends a copy to by intruder who attempt to obtain everyone in an address book. A information such as Social Security Trojan horse is disguised as a useful numbers, bank accounts or research program; it may affect data security. and business reports. To protect Spyware collects information from crucial data, companies hire security your PC without your consent. Most consultants who analyze the risks and spyware and adware (software that provide solutions. The most common allows pup-ups- that is, methods of protection are passwords advertisements that suddenly appear for access control, fire walls, and on your screen) is included with encryption and decryption systems. “free” downloads. Encryption changes data into a secret If you want to protect your PC, code so that only someone with a key don’t open mail attachments from can read it. Decryption converts strangers and take care when encrypted data back into its original downloading files from the Web. form. Remember to update your anti-virus Malware protection software as often as possible, since Malware (malicious software) are new viruses are being created all the programs designed to infiltrate or time. damage your computer, for example viruses, worms, Trojans and spyware. A virus can enter a PC via a III. The history of hacking A. Read Part 1 of the text and answer these questions. 1) Which hacking case inspired the film War Games? 2) When did Captain Zap hack into the Pentagon? 3) Why was Nicholas Whitely arrested in 1988 4) How old was the hacker that broke into the US defense computer in 1982? The history of hacking – Part 1 1971- John Draper discovered that a whistle offered in boxes of Cap’n Crunch breakfast cereal perfectly generated the 2,600Hz signal 122
36. used by the AT&T phone company. He started to make free calls. He was arrested in 1972 but wasn’t sent to prison 1974- Kevin Mitnick, a legend among hackers, began hacking into banking networks and altering the credit reports of his enemies. He didn’t expect that his most famous exploit – hacking into the North American Defense Command in Colorado Springs – would inspire the film War Games in 1983 1981- Ian Murphy, a 23-year – old know as Captain Zap on the networks, hacked into the White House and the Pentagon 1987- The IBM international network was paralyzed a hacker’s Christmas message. 1988- The Union Bank of Switzerland almost lost £32 million to hackers. Nicholas Whitely was arrested in connection with virus spreading. 1989- A fifteen-year-old hacker creaked the US defense computer 1991- Kevin Poulsen, known as Dark Dante on the network, was accused of stealing military files. B. In pairs, discuss which of the cases in part 1 you had heard of. Which do you think is the most important? IV. Language work: the past simple A. Look at the HELP box and then complete Part 2 of the text with the past simple form of the verbs in the box show spread steal launch affect attempt overwrite be infect The history of hacking – Part 2 1992- David L Smith (1) prosecuted for writing the Melissa virus, which was passed in Word files sent via mail 1997- The German hacker Chaos Computer Club (2) on TV how to obtain money from bank accounts 2000- A Russian hacker (3) to extort $100,000 from online music retailer CD Universe. A Canada hacker (4) a massive denial of service attack against website like Yahoo! And Amazon. The ILoveYou virus, cleverly disguised as a love letter, (5) so quickly that email had to be shut down in many companies. The worm (6) . Image and sound files with a 123
37. copy of itself. 2001- The Code Red worm (7) . Tens of thousands of machines 2006- Hackers (8) .the credit card details of almost 20,000 AT&T online customers. However, subscribers to its services (9) (not) . HELP box Past simple There are many verbs which are We use the past simple to talk irregular in the past simple about a complete action or event Kevin Mitnick began hacking into which happened at a specific time We form questions and negatives in the past for irregular verbs in the same way as We form the past simple of for regular verbs. The exception is be regular verbs by adding –(e)d to When did Kevin Mitnick begin the infinitive hacking into ? John Draper discovered that a He didn’t begin hacking until 1974 whistle We form the past passive with the We form questions and negatives past simple of be + the past using did/didn’t participle When did Captain Zap hack into IBM international was paralyzed by the Pentagon? hackers. He didn’t expect that his most He wasn’t sent to prison famous exploit Why was Nicholas Whitely arrested in 1998? B. Read these landmarks in the history of the Internet and prepare at least five questions in the past simple Example: what happened in 1969? What did Ray Tomlinson do in 1971? 1969- The US Defense Department establishes ARPANET, a network connecting research centre 1971- Ray Tomlison of BBN invents an email program to send message across a network. The @ sign is chosen for its at meaning 1981- IBM sells the first IBM PC, BITNET provides email and file transfers to universities 1982- TCP/IP is adopted as the standard language of the Internet 1988- Jarkko Oikarinen develops the system known as Internet Relay Chat (IRC) 124
38. 1991- CERN creates the World Wide Web. 1998- Online banking, e-commerce and MP3 music become popular 2001- Napster, whose software allows users to share downloaded music, maintains that it does not perpetrate or encourage music piracy. However, a judge rules that Napster’s technology is an infringement of music copyright 2004- Network Solution begins offering 100-year domain registration 2006- Americans spend over $100 billion shopping online C. In pairs, ask and answer your questions V. Internet issues A. In small groups, look at the list of cybercrimes and discuss these questions 1) Which crimes are the most dangerous? 2) Is it fair or unfair to pay for the songs, videos, books or articles that you download? Should copyright infringement be allowed online? 3) What measures can be taken by governments to stop cybercrime? 4) Do you think governments have the right to censor material on the Internet 5) Personal information such as our address, salary, and civil and criminal records is held in databases by marketing companies. Is our privacy in danger? Cybercrimes Piracy – the illegal copy and distribution of copyrighted software, games or music files Plagiarism and theft of intellectual property – pretending that someone else’s work is your own Spreading of malicious software Phishing (password harvesting fishing) – getting passwords for online bank accounts or credit card numbers by using emails that look like they are from real organizations, but are in fact fake; people believe the message is from their bank and send their security details. IP spoofing – making one computer look like another in order to gain unauthorized access Cyberstalking – online harassment or abuse, mainly in chat rooms or newsgroups Distribution of indecent or offensive material 125
39. B. Write a summary of your discussion on PowerPoint and present it to the rest of the class 126
40. MODULE 6. CREATIVE SOFTWARE Learning objectives In this module, you will learn how to: Identify the functions of different graphics tools Understand specific aspects of desktop publishing and multimedia applications Write a letter to a newspaper asking for information about the hardware and page-layout software used for its production 127
41. Lesson 1. Multimedia I. Multimedia is here! Look at the cover for Encarta ’05. What types of data are integrated in multimedia applications? II. Reading A. Read the texts and match them with the headings in the box below. Sound, Music, MIDI CD-ROM titles full of pictures, action and sound! The potential of using CD-ROM is more than just multimedia heavy metal Multimedia magic! 7. Until now, multimedia applications have been used mainly in the fields of information, training, and entertainment. For example, some museums, banks, and estate agents have information kiosks that use multimedia. Several companies produce training programs on optical disks, and marketing managers use presentation packages (like Microsoft PowerPoint or Lotus Freelance Graphics for Windows) to make business presentations. They have all found that moving images, sound, and music involve viewers emotionally as well as inform them, and make their message more memorable. 8. Sound is an important component of the multimedia approach. The effective use of sound can be used to grab the attention of the participant, set the mood, or underscore a point. The most popular way of delivering sound is the hardware soundboard. Such boards offer two important capabilities. The first of these is a built-in stereo synthesizer complete with a built-in audio amplifier. Just connect a set of speakers and you’ve got instant sound, music and speech capabilities. The second capability is the musical instrument digital interface, or MIDI. This is a specialized serial interface that allows an electronic musical instrument to communicate with other MIDI-equipped instruments or PCs. 128
42. CD-ROM is popular 9. Between 80 and 90 percent of all multimedia applications are distributed on CD-ROM, some just on CD, some on several media (as with Autodesk’s Multimedia Explorer, which comes with both a CD-ROM and diskettes). The reason for CD-ROM’s popularity in multimedia is simple – a single CD can contain 650 MB of data. That’s over 500 floppy disks’ worth of programs, sound, and graphics. The newest CD-ROM standard, CD-ROM XA (for eXtended Architecture) uses data compression to fit even more on these shiny discs. Many XA drives are also compatible with Kodak’s PhotoCD technology, which digitizes photographs and places them on a CD-ROM. 10. Electronic encyclopedias integrate text, pictures, and sound, and usually have a video section with a full motion video window. The Compton’s Encyclopedia enables you to read about whales, look at photos of whales, listen to whale songs, and view an animated sequence showing whale movements through the ocean. Similarly, the Grolier Encyclopedia lets you read about birds, view pictures of birds, and listen to recordings of their songs. Other CD-ROMs include dictionaries, guides, and courses about history, science, the human body, cinema, literature, foreign languages, etc. For example, Cinemania from Microsoft has information on thousands of films and photographs, reviews, biographies and dialogues from films. (Section 2 and 3 adapted from ‘Updating to multimedia’ in PC Upgrade, June 1993) B. Read the texts again and correct these statements. There is a technical mistake in each of them. 1) Multimedia applications do not use huge amounts of data. 2) You don’t need to have a soundboard on your PC to hear speech and music. 3) Most multimedia software is distributed on magnetic disks. 4) Kodak’s PhotoCD technology is not compatible with many CD-ROM drives. 129
43. 5) There are no language courses available on CD-ROM D. Match these terms in the box with the explanations. b. Computer animation c. Video computing d. MIDI interface e. CD-ROM player f. Multimedia control panels 1) Small programs inside the OS designed to work with audio and video files. 2) A code for the exchange of information between PCs and musical instruments. 3) A drive used to handle CD-Rom disks. 4) Manipulating and showing moving images recorded with a video camera or captured from a TV or video recorder. 5) Images which move on the screen. III. Language work: If – clauses A. Conditional clauses When you want to talk about a possible situation and its consequences, you use a conditional sentence. Here, we examine two types of conditionals. First conditional (possible situation) If A happens, B will happen. (present + simple), (will + verb) E.g. If you click on the speaker icon, you’ll get a piece of dialogue from the movie. In the main clause, we can also have modal (can), an imperative, or a present tense verb. Second conditional (unlikely situation) If A happened, B would happen. (past simple), (would + verb) E.g. If I had the money, I would (I’d) invest in a multimedia upgrade kit. Other modals (could, should, might) may appear in the main clause. Read these sentences, then identify the tenses used in the if-clause and in the main clause. 1 If you upgrade your PC, you’ll be able to run multimedia applications. 2 If the marketing manager had a multimedia system, she could make more effective presentations. B. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. 130
44. 1) If I (get) a sound card, I’ll be able to create my own music with a MIDI. 2) If the system (have) a SuperVGA card, we would obtain a better resolution. 3) You won’t be able to play CD-ROM disks if you (not have) a CD-ROM drive. 4) If you (come) to the annual computer exhibition, you could see the new Macs. 5) If I could afford it, I (buy) a Multimedia PC C. Match the sentences in Column A with appropriate sentences from Column B. Then join each action and effect using an if-sentence. Column A Column B 1 You press Print Screen a you can drag it across the screen 2 You press Ctrl + Alt + Del in Windows 98 b it would speed up the computer 3 You added more memory c you may lose data 4 You installed a modem d you would have more space at your desk 5 You used a better search engine e you would be able to connect to 6 You forget to save regularly a telephone line 7 You hold down the mouse button over f you can make a copy of the an icon screen 8 You used an LCD display g you would find more relevant results h it displays a list of active programs D. Describe the consequences of these actions using an if-sentence. 1) you don’t virus-check floppies 2) there was a power cut while you were using your computer 3) you install a faster processor 4) you forgot your password 5) you press the delete key 131
45. 6) you use search engine 7) you double-click on an icon 8) you use power-saving options IV. Multimedia on the Web Read the text and find: 1) the function of the extension that is usually added to a file name. 2) the language used to create the majority of text files on the Web. 3) the graphics interchange format created by CompuServe to compress images. 4) the small program (plug-in) that lets you hear audio recordings on the net. 5) the most popular video formats. 6) the format created by the Moving Picture Experts’ Group to capture, store and play back movies. 7) the extension for the files that can be decompressed with a program like Winzip. Recognizing file formats Web pages can contain different multimedia elements: text, graphics, sounds, video and animation. To identify the format or type of file, an extension (a three- letter suffix) is usually added to the file name when it’s saved on disk Text The most common text extensions are .txt, .pdf, .doc and .htm (or .html). Most of the text files that you find on the Web have the extension .htm, created with the hypertext markup language. Graphics Graphics on the Web can include pictures, photos, paintings, image-maps and buttons. The most common formats are .gif (a standard image format developed by CompuServe) and .jpg or .jpeg (created by the Joint Photographic Expert’s Group). Sounds The Internet is a great place to find and hear hit songs, movie soundtracks, and recorded interviews. The most common formats are these: .wav: wave files can be played with Sound Recorder included with Windows. 132
46. .ra or .ram: files generated by RealAudio, a plug-in you can download from the Web. Video and animation You can see cartoons and movie clips on the Web, but you need the appropriate software. Video files are usually stored in: .avi, .mov and .mpg (or .mpeg) formats. To view MPEG videos, you just need Video for Windows. However, to create high-quality movie clips, you need a dedicated MPEG expansion card. You can also find animation and 3-D worlds. The two standard tools to manipulate animated worlds are VRML and Java. To view a virtual animation, you need a program like QuickTime VR. Compressed files When you download files, they’re probably compressed. Windows files have a .zip extension. Macintosh files usually have a .sit extension and are opened with StuffIt. 133
47. Lesson 2. Web design I. A typical home page In pairs, discuss these questions 1) Why do companies have websites? 2) What is the difference between a website and a web page? 3) What is a home page? 4) Do you have a blog or personal website? Describe the home page to your partner II. Web page design A. Read the text and find the following 1) The language used to create web documents 2) The type of software that lets you design web pages without writing HTML codes 3) The format invented by Adobe to distribute text files over the Internet 4) A method of displaying multiple HTML documents in the same browser window 5) Three common graphics formats used on websites 6) Three popular formats used to store and play back video Web page design HTML and web editors language), which consists of The code behind most web pages commands called tags. Tags are is HTML (Hypertext markup placed around pieces of text to tell the 134
48. web browser how to display text or format that can be viewed with pictures. You can view the source Acrobat Reader). HTML code of a web page by Background – the underlying choosing the Page Source option in colors and patterns of a web page your web browser. But you needn’t Tables – with columns and rows, learn HTML in order to build your used to position images and text on own website. Instead, you can use a a page word processor with web design Frames – rectangular areas that capabilities or dedicated web editor allow the display of different pages like Macromedia Dreamweaver or in the same browser window. Microsoft FrontPage. Web editors are Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) – a user-friendly and WYSIWYG (What mechanism for adding styles to You See Is What You Get). Different web documents. You could use buttons and menu items let you design HTML code to specify the font, a page without writing HTML text styles and background color. HTML files have this basic structure: Nowadays, however, it is more Start with common to use CSS. This makes, Have heading text that begins with it easy to apply presentation , which has a title enclosed changes across a website. between tags and ends with Graphics, clip art, icons, Have body text that starts with background templates, , where you place the contents wallpaper, and transparent of the actual document (i.e. text, images – common formats are .jpg images, links, etc.) and ends with (joint photographic experts group), ideal for pictures with many End with colors, .gif (graphics interchange You can create link to other web format), ideal for pictures with pages by using the tag network graphics), which supports Web page elements 16 million colors. There are a number of different Hyperlinks – highlighted text or elements that you can use on a web pictures (buttons, image maps, page: etc.) that act as links to other Text – displayed in a variety of pages. If you want to share fronts and sizes. Most text files are information with people, you can available in two formats: HTML of use RSS feeds and provide readers PDF (the portable document 135
49. with a link to the feed. RSS allows .mov (QuickTime movie) and .mpg subscribers to receive updates of (moving picture experts group). blogs, news, podcasts, etc. Before If you want to inject something going live, you should check that special into you web pages, you can all the links work. use Adobe Flash to include interactive Audio, video and animation animations and streaming audio. Many websites now incorporate Additionally, you can insert Java audio files, and if you’re designing a applets – small programs that enable site, you may like to insert songs, the creation of interactive files. podcasts, etc. The most common Animations are made up of a series of audio formats are .wav (Windows independent pictures put together in wave audio format), .ra (RealAudio sequence to look like moving pictures. file) and .mp3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer To see or hear all these files, you must 3). have the right plug-in, an auxiliary Full-motion video is stored in these program that expands the capabilities formats: .avi (audio video interleave), of your web browser. B. Read the text again and then match the sentence beginnings (1-6) with the correct ending (a-f) 1) Instructions in HTML 2) Cascading Style Sheets are the way 3) A hyperlink is any clickable text 4) A plug-in is a small program 5) Java applets are used to provide 6) RSS feeds are summaries of web content a. Image or button that takes you to another place on the Web b. Used for handling audio, video and animation files c. Are called tags d. Interactive features to web applications e. To define the presentation of web pages, from fonts and colors to page layout f. Published in the Really Simple Syndication format for download III. Language work: modal verbs A. Underline all the modal verbs in the above text and then look at the HELP box. Which modal verb from the HELP box does not appear in the text? Can you think of any other modal verbs? 136
50. HELP box To talk about ability Modal verbs They are looking for artists who We use modal verbs to add extra can draw and design web pages meaning to the main verb. They are Could is the past tense of can followed by infinitive without to. and is used to talk about ability in Modal verbs are used in the following the past ways: To talk about obligation or To express a possibility necessity You can/could use Adobe Flash to To see or hear all these files. You include interactive animations must have the right plug-in You may like to insert songs, you needn’t learn HTML in podcasts, etc. order to build your own website Can and could are often Needn’t means don’t need to or interchangeable when talking about don’t have to and is used to express possibility. May and might are used a lack of obligation to express weaker possibilities and To give advice often come before the verb like to Before going live, you should mean It is possible you will like check that all the links work To ask for permission Can/Could/May I use your mobile phone? May is more formal than can or could B. Complete these sentences with suitable modal verbs from the HELP box. There may be more than one possible answer 1) With Java, I . include some attractive banners on my website 2) With a web editor, you create a web document easily 3) These days, you .learn how to use complicated HTML codes. Modern web design software is user-friendly and converts a visual layout into HTML code 4) Once live, you update your website regularly 5) To view a PDF file, you .have Adobe Acrobat Reader 6) Websites with graphics are more inviting than those written in plain text, so you like to insert some graphics into your documents. 137
51. 7) I use your laptop? I need to print out this report. C. In pairs, discuss at least two things 1) You can now do more easily because of the Internet 2) You could do better if you had a faster internet connection 3) That may/might happen to the Internet in the next ten years. 4) You must consider when designing a website 5) You should take into account when choosing which PC to buy. IV. Blogs A. In pairs, discuss these questions 1) What is a blog? 2) Which blogs do you read regularly? B. Imagine you wanted to start your own blog. In pairs, discuss these questions 1) Why would you start your own blog – to write a diary of your thoughts or to share you expertise on a particular topic? 2) What types of media would you include – text, photos, video, audio (including podcasts)? 3) Would you insert links to other blogs? Which ones? 4) Would you focus on a particular subject or have a mix of several topics? 5) Which site would you use to host your blog? 138
52. MODULE 7. PROGRAMING / JOBS IN ICT Learning objectives In this module, you will learn how to: Understand basic concepts in programming, and acquire vocabulary connected with it Recognize acronyms and abbreviations associated with programming Ask and answer questions about computer languages Discuss the professional skills and personal qualities required for the jobs of senior programmer and DTP operator Write a letter applying for a job. 139
53. Lesson 1. Program design I. Warm-up A. In pairs, try to think of an answer for the question. What is programming? Look at the definition in the Glossary. Is it similar to yours? B. Complete the following definitions with the words and phrases in the box. the various parts of the program may occur in programs binary numbers language a given problem 1. algorithm The step-by-step specification of how to reach the solution 2. flow chart A diagram representing the logical sequence between the various parts of the program 3. coding The translation of the logical steps into a programming 4. machine code The basic instructions understood by computers. The processor operates on codes which consist of The techniques of detecting, diagnosing and correcting errors (or ‘bugs) which may occur in programs II. Reading Read the text and find answers to these questions. 1) Do computers understand human languages? 2) What are the differences between low-level and high-level languages? 3) What is an assembler? 4) What is the function of compilers? 5) What do you understand by the terms source program and object program? 6) In the future, could computers be programmed in Spanish, French, or Japanese? 140
54. Programming languages Unfortunately, computers cannot quite complex and restricted to understand ordinary spoken English or particular machines. any other natural language. The only To make the programs easier to language they can understand directly write and to overcome the problem of is called machine code. This consists intercommunication between different of the 1s and 0s (binary code) that are types of machines, higher-level processed by the CPU. languages were designed such as However, machine code as a BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, or means of communication is very Pascal. These are all problem-oriented difficult to write. For this reason, we rather than machine-oriented. use symbolic languages that are easier Programs written in one of these to understand. Then, by using a languages (known as source special program, these languages can programs) are converted into a be translated into machine code. For lower-level language by means of a example, the so-called assembly compiler (generating the object languages use abbreviations such as program). On compilation, each ADD, SUB, MPY to represent statement in a high-level language is instructions. These mnemonic codes generally translated into many are like labels easily associated with machine code instructions. the items to which they refer. People communicate instructions to Basic languages, where the the computer in symbolic languages program is similar to the machine and the easier this communication can code version, are known as low-level be made, the wider the application of languages. In these languages, each computers will be. Scientists are instruction is equivalent to a single already working on Artificial machine code instruction, and the Intelligence and the next generation of program is converted into machine computers may be able to understand code by a special program called an human languages. assembler. These languages are still III. Language work: Infinitive constructions A. The infinitive is used: After adjectives - It is difficult to use machine code. After modal verbs with to: ought to, used to - I ought to make a back-up copy. - Using a computer is much easier than it used to be. 141
55. After modal and auxiliary verbs without to: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, would rather, would sooner - Unfortunately, computers can’t understand English. - I’d rather buy a game than a spreadsheet. B. Make sentences as in the example. Example Not easy/write instructions in Pascal It is not easy to write instructions in Pascal 1) advisable/test the program under different conditions. 2) expensive/set up a data-processing area. 3) unusual for a program/work correctly the first time it is tested. 4) difficult for students/learn FORTRAN. 5) important/consider the capabilities of the programming language. 6) quite easy/write instructions in BASIC. C. Now look again at the reading passage in Task 2. Underline the infinitive constructions after modal verbs. Example: Unfortunately, computers cannot understand ordinary spoken English D. Look at these pairs of examples and decide where there is an ‘important’ change in meaning. 1 a I remember shutting down the computer before I left the room. b Please, remember to buy the new program. 2 a They stopped to look at the flowchart. b They stopped looking at the flowchart. 3 a I like studying C language. b I like to study C language in the evenings. 4 a It has started to rain. b It has started raining. 5 a He needs to work harder. b This hard disk needs repairing.
56. Lesson 2. Languages I. Warm-up A. Make a list of as many computer languages as you can think of. B. Study this table about Java and answer the questions below. Language Date Characteristics Uses Java 1995 Cross-platform Designed to language that create Internet Invented by can run on any applications. Sun machine. When you see Microsystems. Small Java a Web page programs, called containing ‘applets’, let you Java links, a watch animated Java program characters, play is executed music and automatically. interact with information. 1. Who invented Java? 2. When was Java developed? 3. Can Java run on any computer (Mac, PC, or UNIX workstation)? What are Java’s small programs called? What can you do with them? II. Language work: Would, Revision of time clauses A. The use of ‘would’ We use ‘would’ in conditional sentences. For example: If you spilled coffee on the keyboard, you would damage it. Often the condition is implied, not stated. For example: (If I had time) I’d like to build in new links. (If I had to make a choice) my favorite site would have to be the Internet Movie Database.
57. What is the implied condition in this extract? I would look at other sites too for good ideas. B. Complete the gaps in this dialogue with ‘will’ or ‘would’ or the reduced forms ‘’ll’ and ‘’d’ where appropriate. A What 1 you do when you finish your diploma? B I 2 like to take a course in multimedia. A How long 3 that take? B If I choose the certificate, it 4 take 6 months but if I chose the master’s, it 5 take a full year. A What 6 be the advantage of the master’s? B I guess I 7 have better job prospects. A When 8 you decide? B It depends on my finals. If I do well, I 9 go for the master’s. C. Link these statements using an appropriate time clause. 1 a You click the mouse pointer on the file b It is highlighted. 2 a You cannot save a file. b You name it. 3 a The files are transferred. b The transfer is graphically displayed. 4 a Remove any floppies. b You close down the computer. 5 a The OK button is clicked. b The copying process begins. 6 a The percentage of file transferred is displayed. b Your browser downloads from the Internet.
58. 7 a The virus is not activated. b You open the infected file. 8 a You repair a PC. b Ensure the machine is disconnected. 9 a Don’t open an email attachment. b You have virus-checked it. 10 a You add memory. b Change the BIOS settings. III. Speaking Work in pairs. Student A: IV. A short description of BASIC Read the passage and complete it with verbs in brackets in the correct form. BASIC is a general purpose high-level programming language, originally designed (develop) 1 program in conversational mode. The name BASIC (stand) 2 for Beginner’s All- purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. This language is (find) 3 on most microcomputers because it (be) 4 user-friendly and easy to learn. BASIC (consist) 5 of two main parts: the source language statements – the instructions which form the program – and the system commands which (allow) 6 us to control and edit a program. BASIC enables the user (interact) 7 with the program while it is being (execute) 8, which means that data can be (input) 9 while the program is running. Each instruction is (give) 10 a line number which defines the logical sequence of statements within the program. Some well-known system commands in BASIC are: RUN, which executes a program (hold) 11 in a BASIC file; LIST, which prints a listing of a program on the screen; and DELETE, which (remove) 12 a program from a file. A large number of PC manufacturers adopted BASIC. At present, however, there (be) 13 so many versions and extensions
59. that programs written for one type of PC are not directly portable to another.
60. Lesson 3. Jobs in ICT I. IT professionals Complete these definitions with jobs from the box Software engineer Computer security Blog administrator Help desk specialist technician DTP operator Hardware engineer Network webmaster administrator 1) A designs and develops IT devices 2) A writes computer programs 3) A .edits and deletes posts made by contributors to a blog 4) A .uses page layout software to prepare electronic files for publication 5) A manages the hardware and software that comprise a network 6) A designs and maintains websites 7) A works with companies to build secure computer systems 8) A helps end-users with their computer problems in person, by email or over the phone II. Job advertisements Discuss if you would like to apply for one of the jobs. Give reason answers DTP operator Required for a leading financial magazine We are looking for a bright, competent QuarkXpress operator with at least three years’ experience in design and layout. Skills in Photoshop, Freehand or Illustrator an advantage. Ability to work in a team and to tight deadlines is vital. Please apply in writing, with CV and samples of your work, to Tom Parker, Production Manager, Financial Monthly, Stockton Street, London
61. DIGITUM-UK SENIOR PROGRAMMER required by DIGITUM- UK, a leading supplier of business systems to the insurance industry. You will be able to work on the full range of software development activities – analysis, design, coding, testing, debugging and implementation. At least two years’ experience of COBOL or C++ is necessary. As we are active in Europe, fluency in French, Italian or another European language is desirable. Don’t miss this opportunity to learn new skills and develop your career. Send your CV to CHRIS SCOTT, PERSONNEL MANAGER, DIGITUM-UK, 75 PARKSHILL STREET, LONDON SW14 3DE III. A letter of application A. Read the letter of application below and answer these questions 1) Which job is Sarah Brown applying for? 2) Where did she see the advertisement? 3) How long has she been working as a software engineer? 4) What type of programs has she written? 5) When did she spend three months is Spain? Dear Mr Scott, I am writing to apply for the position of Senior Programmer, which was advertised on 28th March in The Times. I graduated in May 2007 and did a work placement with British Gas as part of my degree. Before taking my present job I worked for a year with NCR. I stayed in this job (1) .March 2009.
62. (2) .the last three years I have been working as a software engineer for Intelligent Software. I have designed four programs in COBOL for commercial use, and (3) January I have been writing programs in C for use in large retail chains. These have been very successful and we have won several new contracts in the UK and Europe on the strength of my team’s success. Two year (4) I spent three months in Spain testing our programs and also made several visits to Italy, so I have a basic knowledge of Spanish and Italian. I now feel ready for more responsibility and more challenging work, and would welcome the opportunity to learn about a new industry. I enclose my curriculum vitae. I will be available for an interview HELP box at any time. for, since, ago, until I look forward to hearing from you We use for to refer to a period of time. Yours sincerely, I’ve lived in Liverpool for five years. Sarah Brown We use since to refer to a point in time B. Look at the HELP box and I’ve been unemployed since May 2007 then complete the letter with We use ago with the past simple to say when for, since, ago or until something happened. We put ago after the time period. I got married five years ago. We use until to mean up to a certain time I stayed at high school until I was 18 IV. Language work: the present perfect A. Look at the HELP box and then choose the correct words in brackets to complete these sentences 1) He (‘s never liked/ ‘s never been liking) Maths 2) They (‘ve worked/ ’ve been working) on the project all day 3) John (‘s used / ‘s been using) the computer for hours – he looks really tired 4) How many emails (have you written / have you been writing) to day? 5) She (‘s written / ‘s been writing) this essay since 9 o’clock. 6) They (‘ve interviewed/ ‘ve been interviewing) five candidates today. HELP box Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous We form the present perfect simple with We form the present perfect continuous have/has + past participle with have/has been + present participle
63. I’ve used Microsoft Access for many Since January I’ve been writing years. program in C I haven’t used Microsoft Access for We use this tense to talk about: years. Action which started in the past and We use this tense to talk about: are still happening States that started in the past and For the last three years I’ve been continue to the present working as a software engineer of Since 2006, I’ve been a computer Intelligent Software operator for PromoPrint Past actions that continue to the Past actions that continue to the present, where we put an emphasis on present, where we put an emphasis duration (how long) on quantity (how many) She’s been working all morning I have designed four programs in Contrast with the past simple COBOL We use the past simple to talk about Personal experiences, especially with events that happened at a specific time ever and never. in the past that are now finished Have you ever worked with I graduated in May 2007 database? Not: I have graduated in I’ve never worked with databases. I stay in this job until March 2009 Two years ago, I spent three months in Spain B. Make questions using these prompts. In pairs, ask and answer the questions 1) Ever/live or work in another country? 2) Ever/ have a bad job interview? 3) Ever/do a job you hated? 4) How long/study English? 5) How long / use computers? 6) How many emails / receive today? 7) How many jobs / apply for this year?
64. MODULE 8. COMPUTERS TOMORROW Learning objectives In this module, you will learn how to: Talk about different kinds of data communication systems: teletext, fax, local bulletin boards and the Internet Describe the components and functions of a computer network, in oral and written form Understand and discuss basic ideas about security and privacy on the Internet Talk and write about new technologies Understand predictions about the impact of computers on our lifestyle.
65. Lesson 1. Electronic communications I. Before you read Try to answer these questions. 1) How can a PC be connected to another computer? 2) What data communication systems can you think of? Make a list. II. Reading A. Match the data communication services on the left with the requirements on the right. Then read the passage and check your answers. 1. fax a. To send a personal message to a friend who is at a different workstation. 2. electronic mail (e-mail) b. To send a copy of a paper document – for 3. teletext instance, a scientific article – from Trento 4. local bulletin board University to Cambridge University. system (BBS) c. To access massive databases containing all 5. commercial online kinds of information, or to be connected with service an airline reservations service. d. To receive shareware and public domain programs from a user group. e. To find out weather forecasts and sports information from the television. Channels of communication
66. What are ‘telecommunications’? a bridge between digital and analogue This term refers to the transmission signals. The word ‘modem’ is an of information over long distances abbreviation of using the telephone system, radio, TV, Odulator/DEModulator. When a satellite, or computer links. Examples modem modulates, it sends very rapid are two people speaking on the phone, on/off pulses. The computer on the a sales department sending a fax to a other end translates (demodulates) client, or someone reading the teletext those signals into intelligible text or pages on TV. But in the modern graphics. Modem transmission speeds world, telecommunications mainly are measured in kilobits per second. means transferring information from Typical speeds are 28.8, 33.6 and 56 one PC to another via modem and kbps. phone lines (or fibre-optic cables) Today, a lot of companies find it What can you do with a modem? more efficient to have some A modem is your computer’s link employees doing their work at home. to the external world. With a modem, Using a modem, they transfer their you can exchange email and files with work into the office where it is printed friends and colleagues; you can access and distributed. The list of the Web and search for information applications is endless. about the stock market, current affairs, What do you need to entertainment, etc.; you can telecommunicate? participate in newsgroups and live You just need a PC (or a terminal), conversations; you can make bank a modem connected to the computer transactions and buy things from the and the telephone line, and comfort of your home. You can also communication software. Once you access your office from your have installed and configured your computer at home or your laptop in a modem, you can communicate with hotel room. people through bulletin boards and online services. Local bulletin boards Bulletin board systems (BBS) are Modems frequently free because they are run Your PC is a digital device. by enthusiasts and sponsored by user However, the telephone system is an groups or small businesses. The first analogue device, designed to transmit time you make a BBS connection you the sounds and tones of the human are required to register your name, voice. That’s why we need a modem –
67. address, phone number, and other program to download files from information such as the kind of FTP sites, and IRC software so that computer and modem you are using. you can have live chats with other The person who administers the BBS users. Most ISPs charge a flat is called sysop (system operator). You monthly or annually fee that gives can use a BBS to download artwork, you unlimited access to the games, and programs, or you can Internet. participate in ongoing discussions. The main commercial online You can also upload (send) programs, services are America Online, but make sure they are shareware or CompuServe, Prodigy, and the public domain programs. Microsoft Network. They differ from Online service providers dedicated ISPs in two ways: (1) they To gain access to the Internet, you use a smooth, easy-to-use interface, must first open an account with an and (2) they have extra services for Internet service provider (ISP) or a members only (but they charge higher commercial online service provider. prices). For example, they offer airline Both offer Internet access, but the reservations, professional forums, latter provides exclusive services. online shopping, and stories for Internet service providers usually children. They also let you search offer access to the Web and their online encyclopedias and special newsgroups, an email address, a database. B. Complete the sentences by using a term from the list. Then write the words in the crossword. modem network online download newsgroups services account telephone 1. When you are connected to the Internet, you are described as being 2. To communicate via the Internet, you need a PC, modem, and a 3. To have access to the Internet, you must first open an 4. You need a to convert computer data into a form that can be
68. transmitted over the phone lines. 5. The public discussion areas on the Internet are called 6. You can use a BBS to clip-art, games, and shareware to your PC. 7. CompuServe and America Online offer exclusive to their customers. 8. The Internet is a global of computer networks. III. Language work: Making predictions A prediction is a statement about a particular subject in which we say what we think will happen in the future. Predictions are not always absolute, but can be expressed with different levels of certainty, according to the context in which they are made. a. Certainty can be expressed by: will (definitely, certainly) certain, sure without a doubt, without question b. Probability can be expressed by: probable, probably, likely most/highly probable, most probably most/ highly likely c. Possibility can be expressed by: may (not), might (not), can, could possible, possibly, perhaps d. Improbability can be expressed by: improbable, unlikely doubtful, questionable probably not most/ highly improbable/ unlikely most/ highly doubtful/ questionable
69. most probably not e. Impossibility can be expressed by: past present or future cannot, could could not not not possible, not possible, impossible impossible A. These expressions are used in sentences in different ways. For examples: 1) Notebook computers will definitely be cheaper next year. 2) It is (highly) probable/ likely that notebook computers will be cheaper next year. 3) Notebook computers may/ might be cheaper next year. 4) Perhaps notebook computers will be cheaper next year. 5) It is unlikely/ doubtful that notebook computers will be cheaper next year. 6) Notebook computers will most probably not be cheaper next year. 7) Notebook computers will definitely not be cheaper next year. 8) It is impossible that notebook computers will be cheaper next year. B. Match the if-clauses (1 to 6) to the main clauses (a to f) to make complete sentences. 1 If you never read computer a you would be able to access our magazines bulletin board. 2 If you never back up your hard b it is unlikely that you will have disk a problem with computer viruses. 3 If you had a modem c we would have a bigger range of typefaces and fonts to choose from. 4 If you don’t copy pirated d you will miss important new software products.
70. 5 If I knew more programming e I would get a better job. languages 6 If we bought a better printer f you will probably lose some important files. C. Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Are the sentences first (F) or second (S) conditionals? would not will be look at will get post grows wanted leave Would need will be reduced installed 1 If you your VDU in direct sunlight, it damaged 2 If you your screen for too long, you a headache. 3 If you to link your PCs with a mainframe, you to install a network. 4 If the market for portable computers , prices even more next year. 5 If we a fax machine and email facility, we so many letters each day. D. Now make up three first conditional and three second conditional sentences of your own
71. Lesson 2. Internet issues I. Warm-up 1. Try to answer these questions. 1) Is it technically possible for computer criminals to infiltrate into the Internet and steal sensitive information? 2) What is a hacker? 3) Can viruses enter your PC from the Internet? 2. Match these texts with the correct pictures. 1. Web browsers warn you if the 2. Private networks use a software connection is not secure; they and hardware mechanism, called a display a message when you try ‘firewall’, to block unauthorized to send personal information to a traffic from the Internet. server. 3. You have to type your user name 4. An open padlock in Netscape and password to access a locked Communicator indicates the page computer system or network is not secure; a closed padlock indicates the page is encrypted. a b c d II. Reading A. Read the text on the following page and find answers to these questions. 1) Why is security so important on the Internet? 2) What security features are offered by Netscape Communicator and Internet Explorer?
72. 3) What security standard is used by most banks to make online transactions secure? 4) How can we protect and keep our email private? 5) What methods are used by companies to make internal networks secure? 6) Which ways can a virus enter a computer system? Security and privacy on the Internet There are a lot of benefits from an allow you to disable or delete open system, like the Internet, but we ‘cookies’. are also exposed to hackers who break If you use online bank services, into computer systems just for fun, as make sure your bank uses digital well as to steal information or certificates. A popular security propagate viruses. So how do you go standard is SET (secure electronic about making online transactions transactions). secure? Email privacy Security on the Web Similarly, as your email message The question of security is crucial travels across the net, it is copied when sending confidential temporarily on many computers in information such as credit card between. This means it can be read by numbers. For example, consider the unscrupulous people who illegally process of buying a book on the Web. enter computer systems. You have to type your credit card The only way to protect a message number into an order form which is to put it in a sort of ‘envelope’, that passes from computer to computer on is, to encode it with some form of its way to the online bookstore. If one encryption. A system designed to send of the intermediary computers is email privately is Pretty Good infiltrated by hackers, your data can Privacy, a freeware program written be copied. It is difficult to say how by Phil Zimmerman. often this happens, but it’s technically Network security possible. Private networks connected to the To avoid risks, you should set all Internet can be attacked by intruders security alerts to high on your Web who attempt to take valuable browser, Netscape Communicator, information such as Social Security and Internet Explorer display a lock numbers, bank accounts, or research when the Web page is secure and and business reports.
73. To protect crucial data, companies care when downloading files from the hire security consultants who analyze Web. (Plain text email alone can’t pass a virus) the risks and provide security solutions. The most common methods Remember also to update your anti-virus software as often as of protection are passwords for access possible, since new viruses are being control, encryption and decryption created all the time. systems, and firewalls. Virus protection Viruses can enter a PC through files from disks, the Internet, or bulletin board systems. If you want to protect your system, don’t open email attachments for strangers and take HELP box hacker: a person who obtains unauthorized access to computer data cookies: small files used by Web servers to know if you have visited their site before certificates: files that identify users and Web servers on the net, like digital identification encryption: the process of encoding data so that unauthorized users can’t read it decryption: the process of decoding encrypted data transmitted to you. B. Complete these sentences by using a term from the text. Then write the words in the puzzle. 1. Users have to enter a p . to gain access to a network. 2. You can download a lot of f . or public domain programs from the net. 3. Hundreds of h . break into computer systems every year. 4. A computer v . can infect your files and corrupt your hard disk. 5. The process of encoding data so that unauthorized users can’t read the data is known as e . 6. A f . is a device which allows limited access to an internal network from the Internet. 7. You can include an a . as part of your email message.
74. This company uses d . techniques to decode (or decipher) secret data. III. Hackers! Read the text in order to answer these questions. 1) Which hacking case inspired the film War Games? 2) Why was Nicholas Whitely arrested in 1988? 3) How old was the hacker that cracked the US defense computer in October 1989? 4) Who was known as ‘Dark Dante’ on the networks? What was he accused of? 5) Which computer club showed on TV a way to attack bank accounts? Sept ‘70 John Draper, also known as Captain Crunch, discovers that the penny whistle offered in boxes of Cap’n Crunch breakfast cereal perfectly generates the 2,600 cycles per second (Hz) signal that AT&T used to control its phone network at the time. He starts to make free calls. Aug ‘74 Kevin Mitnick, a legend among hackers, begins his career, hacking into banking networks and destroying data, altering credit reports of his enemies, and disconnecting the phone lines of celebrities. His most famous exploit – hacking into the North American Defense Command in Colorado Springs – inspired War Games, the 1983 movie. Jul ‘81 Ian Murphy, a 23-year-old known as Captain Zap on the networks, gains instant notoriety when he hacks into the White House and the Pentagon. Dec ‘87 IBM international network is paralyzed by hacker’s Christmas message. Jul ‘88 Union Bank of Switzerland ‘almost’ loses 32 million to hacker- criminals. Nicholas Whitely is arrested in connection with virus propagation. Oct ‘89 Fifteen-year-old hacker cracks US defense computer. Nov ‘90 Hong Kong introduces anti-hacking legislation. Aug ‘91 Israelis arrest 18-year-old for hacking foreign banking and credit card networks.