Giáo trình mô đun Anh văn chuyên ngành - Nghề: Quản trị mạng máy tính (Phần 1)

Nội dung text: Giáo trình mô đun Anh văn chuyên ngành - Nghề: Quản trị mạng máy tính (Phần 1)

1. 1 BỘ LAO ĐỘNG - THƯƠNG BINH XÃ HỘI TỔNG CỤC DẠY NGHỀ GIÁO TRÌNH Mô đun: Anh văn chuyên ngành NGHỀ QUẢN TRỊ MẠNG MÁY TÍNH TRÌNH ĐỘ: CAO ĐẲNG NGHỀ ( Ban hành kèm theo Quyết định số:120/QĐ-TCDN ngày 25 tháng 02 năm 2013 của Tổng cục trưởng Tổng cục dạy nghề) Hà Nội, năm 2013
2. 2 TUYÊN BỐ BẢN QUYỀN: Tài liệu này thuộc loại sách giáo trình nên các nguồn thông tin có thể được phép dùng nguyên bản hoặc trích dùng cho các mục đích về đào tạo và tham khảo. Mọi mục đích khác mang tính lệch lạc hoặc sử dụng với mục đích kinh doanh thiếu lành mạnh sẽ bị nghiêm cấm. MÃ TÀI LIỆU: Mã số môn học: MH21
3. 3 LỜI GIỚI THIỆU Introduction The aim of this lecture is to develop a basic knowledge of how English is used for communication in Information Technology. It is suitable for use in universities, colleges and technical schools with intermediate students who already know how to handle the common English sentence patterns but who want to improve and extend their language skills in the context of IT. Little or no previous knowledge of Information Technology is assumed, but if students work through the lecture carefully they will certainly learn a great deal about it since the material does embrace all the basic concepts of Information Technology. There are 5 units/ lessons covering a wide range of current IT topics using a variety of texts and visual material taken from textlectures, newspapers, popular computing magazines, Internet newsgroups, Webpages, manuals, and advertisements. The aim is to help students to acquire and develop the skills they will need in order to learn the subject of Information Technology. Emphasis is placed on developing reading skills; important lexical items are isolated for special attention and significant points of grammar are thoroughly treated and revised. The lecture also includes a comprehensive glossary of current IT terminology with Vietnamese translation, the answer key as well as many teaching notes. It is user-friendly to both teachers and students and its clear layout, using both photos and graphics, will make it a very popular choice for those wishing to acquire what are now regarded by many to be mandatory skills for employees in almost every part of the workforce. Having many years of experience of teaching Information technology in English and teaching English for Computing, the authors have devoted much time and effort to compile this lecture of English for Information Technology appropriate to the Vietnamese environment. Nevertheless, the lecture cannot escape from shortcomings that the authors would like to insist the tolerance from the users of the lecture and to thank them for their comments and remarks that will be valuable for the next publication. Finally, in helping this lecture come to fruition, the authors would like to thank Miss Vũ Thị Hương Trà and Miss La Thi Hong Thu, graduated students of the English Department of Hanoi University of Technology and Miss Do Thi Bich Thuan, the final year sudent (K52 SE) of Soict for the marvelous job she has made of desktop publishing a long and complex manuscript and for her enthusiasm and stoicism in the face of repeated massive revision. In a practical sense, they have been a author. Authors: Thac Binh Cuong. M.Sc
4. 4 Lời giới thiệu Việc đọc các tài liệu và hướng dẫn bằng tiếng Anh trong lĩnh vực công nghệ thông tin là một nhu cầu cấp thiết, tiến tới việc hội nhập CNTT trong vùng và trên thế giới, đó là giảng và học các chuyên đề bằng tiếng Anh. Trước tình hình đó, Nhà Xuất Bản Bách Khoa Hà Nội cho biên soạn bài giảng này nhằm giúp , sinh viên phát triển những kiến thức cơ bản để giao tiếp bằng tiếng Anh trong ngành công nghệ thông tin. Bài giảng có thể dùng trong các trường đại học, cao đẳng, và dạy nghề cho , sinh viên đã biết làm chủ những mẫu câu tiếng Anh thông dụng nhưng muốn mở rộng và nâng cao các kỹ năng ngôn ngữ trong môi trường công nghệ thông tin. Sách cập nhật và bao gồm tất cả những khái niệm cơ bản trong ngành công nghệ thông tin nhằm giúp , sinh viên mới làm quen với chuyên ngành này tiếp thu những kiến thức hữu ích về môn học. Với 5 mô đun/ bài học bao gồm nhiều chủ đề về công nghệ thông tin, sử dụng các bài đọc và hình minh họa được trích từ sách, báo, các tạp chí chuyên ngành máy tính, Internet, trang Web, sách hướng dẫn và các mẩu tin quảng cáo nhằm giúp học viên thu nhận và phát triển những kỹ năng cần thiết để học môn Công nghệ Thông tin sau này. Bài giảng đặc biệt chú trọng vào việc phát triển kỹ năng đọc; những thuật ngữ và từ vựng quan trọng được tách ra thành một mục riêng để thu hút và phát triển vốn từ của học viên; trong mỗi bài có phần bài tập ngữ pháp giúp học viên ôn lại những điểm ngữ pháp cơ bản. Phần cuối bài giảng là bảng tra cứu các thuật ngữ chuyên ngành đã được dịch sang tiếng Việt, đáp án và một số gợi ý giảng dạy cần thiết cho giáo viên. Bài giảng dễ sử dụng cho cả giáo viên và nhờ cách trình bày rõ ràng, sử dụng nhiều hình ảnh và đồ họa. Đây là bài giảng hữu ích cho những người muốn có được những kỹ năng vốn được coi là bắt buộc để có thể làm việc trong bất cứ lĩnh vực nào của ngành CNTT. Với nhiều năm kinh nghiệm giảng dạy CNTT bằng tiếng Anh và tiếng Anh chuyên ngành CNTT, nhóm tác giả đã bỏ ra nhiều công sức, nỗ lực để biên soạn bài giảng phù hợp với môi trường giảng dạy ở Việt Nam. Tuy nhiên, những sai sót trong lúc biên soạn và trình bày là không thể tránh khỏi. Rất mong nhận được sự đóng góp của các đồng nghiệp và người học để bài giảng ngày càng hoàn thiện hơn, phục vụ cho đông đảo bạn đọc. Cuối cùng, để bài giảng này ra đời, nhóm tác giả xin cảm ơn Chị Vũ thị Hương Trà, Lã Thị Hồng Thu cử nhân Tiếng Anh kỹ thuật, khoa Tiếng Anh Khoa Học Kỹ Thuật và Công Nghệ trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Hà Nội đã nhiệt tình và có trách nhiệm trong việc chế bản rất hiệu quả cho cuốn sách này. Cảm ơn sinh viên Đỗ Thị Bích Thuận sinh viên năm cuối (K52) viện Công nghệ Thông Tin và Truyền Thông đã hiệu chỉnh các từ ngữ chuyên ngành. Với một ý nghĩa thực tế, các chị cũng là người đồng biên soạn cuốn sách này. Tác giả biên soạn: Xin chân thành cảm ơn !
5. 5 Hà Nội, ngày tháng . năm Tham gia biên soạn 1. Chủ biên Thạc Bình Cường
6. 6 Contents INTRODUCTION 3 LỜI GIỚI THIỆU 4 MÔN HỌC/MÔ ĐUN 10 MODULE 1. COMPUTERS TODAY 23 Lesson 1. Computer applications 24 I. Match the pictures 24 II. Language work: The passive 26 III. Reading 27 IV. Other application 28 Lesson 2. Computer essentials 30 I. Computer hardware 30 II. What is a computer? 30 III. Diferent type of computer? 30 IV. Language work? 32 V. Benefits of laptop and tablet PCs? 32 Lesson 3. Inside the system 33 I. Worm-up 33 II. Reading 33 III. Language work: Relative clauses 36 IV. Reading 37 V. Vocabulary quiz 38 VI. Your ideal computer system 39 Lesson 4. Buying a computer 40 MODULE 2. INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES 42 Lesson 1. Type, click and talk! 43 I. Interacting with your computer 43 II. Speaking 44 III. About the keyboard 44 IV. Reading 45 V. Language work: Describing function 46 Lesson 2. Capture your favorite images 48 I. Scanners: The eyes of your computer 48 II. Facts and opinions 48 III. Language work: Making comparisons 51 IV. Further reading 55 Lesson 3. Viewing the output 57 I. Read and think 57 II. Reading 57 III. Writing 58 IV. Language work: Instructions and advice 59 Lesson 4. Choosing a printer 60 I. Reading 60
7. 7 II. Discourse cohesion 62 III. Scan reading: Quiz 62 IV. Language work: Revision of comparison 63 V. Describing your ideal printer 64 Lesson 5. I/O devices for the disabled 65 I. Adaptive technology 65 II. Reading 66 III. Writing 68 IV. Language work: Compound nouns 69 MODULE 3. STORAGE DEVICES 72 Lesson 1. Hard drives 73 I. Before you read 73 II. Reading 73 III. Work in group 74 IV. Vocabulary 75 V. Language work: Revision of prefixes 76 Lesson 2. Magnetic storage 77 I. Types of magnetic drive 77 II. Magnetic storage 78 III. Language work: precautions 79 IV. Word building 81 V. Explaining hard drive precautions 81 Lesson 3. Flash memory 82 I. Flash-based gadgets 82 II. Memory in a flash 82 III. Find words or phrases in the text with the following meanings 84 IV. Vocabulary revision 86 MODULE 4. BASIC SOFTWARE 87 Lesson 1. Operating Systems 88 I. Warm-up 88 II. Reading 89 III. Basic DOS commands 90 IV. Language work: Revision of the passive 90 V. Quiz 91 Lesson 2. The graphical user interface 92 I. A user-friendly interface 92 II. Reading 93 III. Exercise work 94 IV. Language work: Short relative clauses 95 V. Writing 96 Lesson 3. Spreadsheets 98 I. Looking at a spreadsheet 98 II. Reading 98
8. 8 III. Vocabulary 99 IV. Language work: Prepositions of place 100 V. Graphic representation 101 VI. Extension 101 Lesson 4. Databases 103 I. Warm-up 103 II. Reading 103 III. Puzzle 104 IV. Language work 105 V. Writing 107 MODULE 5. FACES OF THE INTERNET 108 Lesson 1. The internet and email 108 Lesson 2. The web 114 I. A typical web page 115 II. Language work: collocations 2 116 III. Language work: the prefixes e- and cyber- 117 IV. What do you use the Web for? 119 Lesson 3. Internet security 120 I. On alert 120 II. Security and privacy on the Internet 121 III. The history of hacking 122 IV. Language work: the past simple 123 V. Internet issues 125 MODULE 6. CREATIVE SOFTWARE 127 Lesson 1. Multimedia 128 I. Multimedia is here! 128 II. Reading 128 III. Language work: If – clauses 130 IV. Multimedia on the Web 132 Lesson 2. Web design 134 I. A typical home page 134 II. Web page design 134 III. Language work: modal verbs 136 IV. Blogs 138 MODULE 7. PROGRAMING / JOBS IN ICT 139 Lesson 1. Program design 140 I. Warm-up 140 II. Reading 140 III. Language work: Infinitive constructions 141 Lesson 2. Languages 160 I. Warm-up 160 II. Language work: Would, Revision of time clauses 160 III. Speaking 162
9. 9 IV. A short description of BASIC 162 Lesson 3. Jobs in ICT 164 I. IT professionals 164 II. Job advertisements 164 III. A letter of application 165 IV. Language work: the present perfect 166 MODULE 8. COMPUTERS TOMORROW 168 Lesson 1. Electronic communications 169 I. Before you read 169 II. Reading 169 III. Language work: Making predictions 172 Lesson 2. Internet issues 175 I. Warm-up 175 II. Reading 175 III. Hackers! 178 IV. Language work: The past simple (revision) 179 Lesson 3. Networks 180 I. Small networks 180 II. Networking FAQs 180 III. Language work: phrasal verbs 182 Lesson 4. New technologies 184 I. Future trends 184 II. Language work: future forms 188 III. Making predictions 190 Tài liệu tham khảo 190
10. 10 MÔ ĐUN Anh văn chuyên ngành Mã mô đun: MH21 Thời gian của môn học: 75 giờ; (Lý thuyết: 30 giờ; Thực hành: 45 giờ) Vị trí, ý nghĩa, vai trò môn học/mô đun: - Vị trí: Môn học được bố trí sau khi học xong các môn học chung, trước các môn học, mô đun đào tạo chuyên môn nghề. - Tính chất: Là môn học cơ sở chuyên ngành. Mục tiêu của mô đun: - Phát triển những kỹ năng như: đọc hiểu, dịch các tài liệu tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Công nghệ thông tin. - Đọc hiểu các thông báo của hệ thống và các phần mềm ứng dụng khi khai thác và cài đặt. - Đọc hiểu các tài liệu đọc thêm bằng tiếng Anh và tóm tắt nội dung chính của tài liệu. - Nắm được vốn từ vựng và ngữ pháp cơ bản của tiếng Anh chuyên ngành CNTT. - Bố trí làm việc khoa học đảm bảo an toàn cho người và phương tiện học tập. III. NỘI DUNG MÔN HỌC: 1. Nội dung tổng quát và phân phối thời gian : Thời gian Số Thực Kiểm tra Tên chương, mục Tổng Lý TT hành, Bài (LT số thuyết tập hoặcTH) I Computers today 10 5 5 Computers applications Configuration Inside the system Bits and bytes Buying a computer II Input/output devices 10 5 5 Type and click! Capture your favorite image Viewing the output Choosing a printer
11. 11 III Storage devices 10 5 4 1 Floppies Hard drives Optical breakthrough IV Basic software 15 4 11 Operating systems The graphical user interface A walk through Speadsheets Databases Face of the Internet V Creative software 10 4 5 1 Graphics and design Desktop publishing Multimedia VI Programming 10 4 6 Program design Languages Jobs in computing VII Computers tomorrow 10 3 6 1 Electronic communications Internet issues LANs and WANs New technologies Cộng 75 30 42 3 * Ghi chú: Thời gian kiểm tra lý thuyết được tính vào giờ lý thuyết, kiểm tra thực hành được tính vào giờ thực hành.
12. 12 2. Nội dung chi tiết: Chương 1: Computer today Mục tiêu: - Liệt kê các từ vựng để mô tả về cấu trúc máy tính với một máy PC cụ thể với cấu hình phổ biến trên thị trường. - Mô tả được đoạn văn để diễn tả các thông tin trong máy tính. - Trả lời chính xác các bảng liệt kê cấu hình máy tính bằng các bài kiểm tra dạng trắc nghiệm. - Diễn tả cho khách hàng hiểu được cấu hình máy khi khách mua máy tính. - Thực hiện các thao tác an toàn với máy tính. 1. Computers applications Thời gian: 2 giờ 1.1. Vocabulary 1.2. Match the pictures: computers 1.3. What can computers do? 2. Configuration Thời gian: 2 giờ 2.1. Vocabulary 2.2. What is a computer? 2.3. Minus and Micros 3. Inside the system Thời gian: 2 giờ 3.1. Vocabulary 3.2. What’s inside a microcomputer? 3.3. Main memory: RAM and ROM 3.4. Your ideal computer system 4. Bits and bytes Thời gian: 2 giờ 4.1. Vocabulary 4.2. Units of memory 4.3. Bits for pictures 5. Buying a computer Thời gian: 2 giờ 5.1. Vocabulary 5.2. Role play Nội dung chi tiết, phân bổ thời gian và hình thức giảng dạy của Chương 1
13. 13 Thời gian (giờ) Hình thức Mục/Tiểu mục/ T.Số LT TH/BT KT* giảng dạy 1. Computers applications 2 1 1 1.1. Vocabulary 0.25 0.25 1.2. Match the pictures: 0.25 0.25 computers 0.5 0.5 1.3. What can computers do? 2. Configuration 2 1 1 2.1. Vocabulary 0.25 0.25 2.2. What is a computer? 0.25 0.25 2.3. Minus and Micros 0.5 0.5 3. Inside the system 2 1 1 3.1. Vocabulary 0.25 0.25 3.2. What’s inside a 0.25 0.25 microcomputer? 3.3. Main memory: RAM and 0.25 0.25 ROM 3.4. Your ideal computer system 0.25 0.25 4. Bits and bytes 2 1 1 4.1. Vocabulary 0.25 0.25 4.2. Units of memory 0.25 0.25 4.3. Bits for pictures 0.5 0.5 5. Buying a computer 2 1 1 5.1. Vocabulary 0.5 0.5 5.2. Role play 0.5 0.5 * Kiểm tra Tổng cộng 10 5 5
14. 14 Chương 2: Input/Output devices Mục tiêu: - Liệt kê các từ vựng để mô tả vế các thiết bị vào ra cơ sở của máy PC. - Trả lời chính xác các bảng liệt kê cấu hình và công dụng của các thiết bị vào ra thông qua các bài kiểm tra trên giấy. - Sử dụng đúng cú pháp trong việc mô tả các thiết bị vào ra. - Thực hiện các thao tác an toàn với máy tính. 1. Type and click! -Keyboarb Thời gian: 2 giờ 1.1. Vocabulary 1.2. About the keyboard 2. Image Thời gian: 3 giờ 2.1. Vocabulary 2.2. Scanners: The eyes of computer 3. Monitor Thời gian: 2 giờ 3.1. Vocabulary 3.2. Monitors 4. Printer Thời gian: 3 giờ 4.1. Vocabulary 4.2. Types of Printers Nội dung chi tiết, phân bổ thời gian và hình thức giảng dạy của Chương 2 Thời gian (giờ) Hình thức Mục/Tiểu mục/ T.Số LT TH/BT KT* giảng dạy 1. Type and click! -Keyboarb 2 1 1 1.1. Vocabulary 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 1.2. About the keyboard 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 2. Image 3 1.5 1.5 2.1. Vocabulary 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 2.2. Scanners: The eyes of 1 1 LT+TH computer 3. Monitor 2 1 1 3.1. Vocabulary 0.5 0.5 LT+TH
15. 15 3.2. Monitors 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 4. Printer 3 1.5 1.5 4.1. Vocabulary 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 4.2. Types of Printers 1 1 LT+TH * Kiểm tra Tổng cộng 10 5 5 Chương 3: Storage devices Mục tiêu: - Liệt kê các từ vựng để mô tả vế các thiết bị lưu trữ trong máy tính. - Mô tả được đoạn văn để diễn tả các thiết bị lưu trữ. - Trả lời chính xác các bảng liệt kê cấu tạo và công dụng của các thiết bị lưu trữ thông qua các bài kiểm tra trên giấy. - Sử dụng đúng cú pháp trong việc mô tả các thiết bị lưu trữ. - Thực hiện các thao tác an toàn với máy tính. 1. Floppies Thời gian: 3 giờ 2.1. Vocabulary 2.2.Types of disks 2.3. Technical details 2. Hard drives Thời gian: 4 giờ 2.1. Vocabulary 2.2. Hard disks 3. Optical breakthrough Thời gian: 3 giờ 3.1. Vocabulary 3.2. Optical disk and drives Nội dung chi tiết, phân bổ thời gian và hình thức giảng dạy của Chương 3 Thời gian (giờ) Hình thức Mục/Tiểu mục/ T.Số LT TH/BT KT* giảng dạy 1. Floppies 3 1.5 1.5 2.1. Vocabulary 0.5 0.5 LT+TH
16. 16 2.2.Types of disks 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 2.3. Technical details 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 2. Hard drives 3 2 1 2.1. Vocabulary 1 0.5 LT+TH 2.2. Hard disks 1 0.5 LT+TH 3. Optical breakthrough 3 1.5 1.5 3.1. Vocabulary 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 3.2. Optical disk and drives 1 1 LT+TH * Kiểm tra 1 1 Tổng cộng 10 5 4 1 Chương 4: Basic software Mục tiêu: - Liệt kê các từ vựng để mô tả vế các phần mềm, các menu, thanh công cụ, các cửa sổ, các giao diện người dùng. - Mô tả được đoạn văn để diễn tả các thao tác đối với một phần mềm. - Trả lời chính xác các bảng liệt kê các thao tác sử dụng phần mềm, các giao diện chuẩn thông qua các bài kiểm tra trên giấy. - Sử dụng đúng cú pháp trong việc mô tả các thao tác phần mềm. - Thực hiện các thao tác an toàn với máy tính. 1. Operating system Thời gian: 3 giờ 1.1. Vocabulary 1.2. MS-DOS, Windows 2. The graphiccal user interface Thời gian: 2 giờ 2.1. Vocabulary 2.2. GUIs 3. A walk through word processing Thời gian: 3 giờ 3.1. Vocabulary 3.2. Word – processing facilities 4. Speadsheets Thời gian: 2 giờ 4.1. Vocabulary 4.2. Speadsheets
17. 17 5. Databases Thời gian: 3 giờ 5.1. Vocabulary 5.2. Basic features of database programs 6. Face of the Internet Thời gian: 2 giờ 6.1. Vocabulary 6.2. Internet software Nội dung chi tiết, phân bổ thời gian và hình thức giảng dạy của Chương 4 Thời gian (giờ) Hình thức Mục/Tiểu mục/ T.Số LT TH/BT KT* giảng dạy 1. Operating system 3 1 2 1.1. Vocabulary 0.5 1 LT+TH 1.2. MS-DOS, Windows 0.5 1 LT+TH 2. The graphiccal user interface 2 0.5 1.5 2.1. Vocabulary 0.25 0.5 LT+TH 2.2. GUIs 0.25 1 LT+TH 3. A walk through word 3 0.5 2.5 processing 0.25 1 LT+TH 3.1. Vocabulary 0.25 1.5 LT+TH 3.2. Word – processing facilities 4. Speadsheets 2 0.5 1.5 4.1. Vocabulary 0.25 0.5 LT+TH 4.2. Speadsheets 0.25 1 LT+TH 5. Databases 3 1 2 5.1. Vocabulary 0.5 1 LT+TH 5.2. Basic features of database 0.5 1 LT+TH programs 6. Face of the Internet 2 0.5 1.5 6.1. Vocabulary 0.25 0.5 LT+TH 6.2. Internet software 0.25 1 LT+TH * Kiểm tra
18. 18 Tổng cộng 15 4 11 Creative software Chương 5: Mục tiêu: - Liệt kê các từ vựng để mô tả vế các phần mềm, các kỹ thuật thiết kế phần mềm, các kỹ thuật chế bản và xuất bản phần mềm. - Trả lời được các bảng liệt kê các thao tác thiết kế phần mềm, các giao diện chuẩn thông qua các bài kiểm tra trên giấy. - Sử dụng đúng cú pháp trong việc mô tả các công nghệ phần mềm. - Thực hiện các thao tác an toàn với máy tính. 1. Graphics and design Thời gian: 4 giờ 1.1. Vocabulary 1.2. Computer graphics 2. Desktop publishing Thời gian: 3 giờ 2.1. Vocabulary 2.2. Desktop publishing 3. Multimedia Thời gian: 3 giờ 3.1. Vocabulary 3.2. Multimedia magic Nội dung chi tiết, phân bổ thời gian và hình thức giảng dạy của Chương 5 Thời gian (giờ) Hình thức Mục/Tiểu mục/ T.Số LT TH/BT KT* giảng dạy 1. Graphics and design 3 1.5 1.5 1.1. Vocabulary 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 1.2. Computer graphics 1 1 LT+TH 2. Desktop publishing 3 1.5 1.5 2.1. Vocabulary 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 2.2. Desktop publishing 1 1 LT+TH 3. Multimedia 3 1 2 3.1. Vocabulary 0.5 1 LT+TH 3.2. Multimedia magic 0.5 1 LT+TH
19. 19 * Kiểm tra 1 1 Tổng cộng 10 4 5 1 Chương 6: Programming Mục tiêu: - Liệt kê các từ vựng để mô tả vế các ngôn ngữ lập trình, các kỹ thuật lập trình, các kỹ thuật về đa phương tiện. - Thao tác, sử dụng ngôn ngữ lập trình, các cách sử dụng công cụ đa phương tiện thông qua các bài kiểm tra trên giấy. - Thực hiện các thao tác an toàn với máy tính. 1. Program design Thời gian: 2 giờ 1.1. Vocabulary 1.2. Program design 2. Languages Thời gian: 4 giờ 2.1. Vocabulary 2.2. Programming languages 3. Jobs in computing Thời gian: 4 giờ 3.1. Vocabulary 3.2. Jobs in computing Nội dung chi tiết, phân bổ thời gian và hình thức giảng dạy của Chương 6 Thời gian (giờ) Hình thức Mục/Tiểu mục/ T.Số LT TH/BT KT* giảng dạy 1. Program design 2 1 1 1.1. Vocabulary 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 1.2. Program design 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 2. Languages 4 1.5 2.5 2.1. Vocabulary 0.5 1 LT+TH 2.2. Programming languages 1 1.5 LT+TH 3. Jobs in computing 4 1.5 2.5 3.1. Vocabulary 0.5 1 LT+TH
20. 20 3.2. Jobs in computing 1 1.5 LT+TH * Kiểm tra Tổng cộng 10 4 6 Chương 7: Computers tomorrow Mục tiêu: - Liệt kê các từ vựng để mô tả vế các các công nghệ của máy tính trong tương lai, các vấn đề liên quan đến máy tính có khả năng ứng dụng trong tương lai, các công nghệ mới. - Mô tả được đoạn văn để diễn tả các nhiệm vụ để mô tả máy tính theo các công nghệ mới. - Trả lời được các bảng kiểm tra về máy tính trong tương lai thông qua các bài kiểm tra trên giấy. - Thực hiện các thao tác an toàn với máy tính. 1. Electronic communications Thời gian: 2 giờ 1.1. Vocabulary 1.2. Channels of communication 2. Internet issues Thời gian: 3 giờ 2.1. Vocabulary 2.2. Security and privacy on the Internet 3. LANs and WANs Thời gian: 3 giờ 3.1. Vocabulary 3.2.Network configurations 4. New technologies Thời gian: 2 giờ 4.1. Vocabulary 4.2. New technology in the future Nội dung chi tiết, phân bổ thời gian và hình thức giảng dạy của Chương 7 Thời gian (giờ) Hình thức Mục/Tiểu mục/ T.Số LT TH/BT KT* giảng dạy 1. Electronic communications 2 0.5 1.5 1.1. Vocabulary 0.25 0.5 LT+TH 1.2. Channels of communication 0.25 1 LT+TH
21. 21 2. Internet issues 3 1 2 2.1. Vocabulary 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 2.2. Security and privacy on the 0.5 1.5 LT+TH Internet 3. LANs and WANs 2 1 1 3.1. Vocabulary 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 3.2.Network configurations 0.5 0.5 LT+TH 4. New technologies 2 0.5 1.5 4.1. Vocabulary 0.25 0.5 LT+TH 4.2. New technology in the future 0.25 1 LT+TH * Kiểm tra 1 1 Tổng cộng 10 3 6 1 IV. ĐIỀU KIỆN THỰC HIỆN CHƯƠNG TRÌNH: - Dụng cụ và trang thiết bị: + Slide, băng từ, đĩa CDROM, DVD + Máy chiếu đa phương tiện + Máy cassette - Học liệu: + Tài liệu hướng dẫn môn học Anh văn. + Tài liệu hướng dẫn bài học và bài tập thực hành môn học Anh văn. + Giáo trình Môn học Anh văn. - Nguồn lực khác: Phòng LAB bộ môn Anh văn đủ điều kiện nghe, nói đọc, viết và thực hành. V. PHƯƠNG PHÁP VÀ NỘI DUNG ĐÁNH GIÁ: - Về kiến thức: Được đánh giá qua bài viết, kiểm tra vấn đáp hoặc trắc nghiệm, tự luận, thực hành đạt các yêu cầu: + Nói và viết về ứng dụng máy tính trong cuộc sống hàng ngày. + Trình bày được cấu trúc của máy tính và các chức năng của nó để có thể mua máy tính tại của hàng kinh doanh máy tính. + Sử dụng các từ viết tắt khi nói về máy tính. + Xây dụng các từ mới bằng cách sử dụng tiếp đầu ngữ, đuôi từ và ghép từ. - Về kỹ năng:Đánh giá kỹ năng thực hành của trong bài thực hành Anh văn đạt được các yêu cầu sau: + Phân biệt các thiết bị ngoại vi (vào ra): Bàn phím, màn hình, máy in, ổ đĩa, và các thành phần bên trong máy tính. + Nói về mạng máy tính và ứng dụng của INTERNET
22. 22 + Đọc hiểu được một số tài liệu chuyên ngành CNTT + Diễn tả cho khách hàng hiểu được cấu hình máy khi khách mua máy tính - Về thái độ: Cẩn thận, tự giác,chính xác. VI. HƯỚNG DẪN CHƯƠNG TRÌNH: 1. Phạm vi áp dụng chương trình: Chương trình môn học được sử dụng để giảng dạy cho trình độ cao đẳng nghề Quản trị mạng máy tính. 2. Hướng dẫn một số điểm chính về phương pháp giảng dạy môn học Sử dụng phương pháp phát vấn Phân nhóm cho các sinh viên trao đổi với nhau, trình bày theo nhóm 3. Những trọng tâm chương trình cần chú ý Giáo viên trước khi giảng dạy cần phải căn cứ vào nội dung của từng bài học chuẩn bị đầy đủ các điều kiện thực hiện bài học để đảm bảo chất lượng giảng dạy. 4. Tài liệu cần tham khảo: [1]. Thạc Bình Cường (chủ biên), Tài liệu hướng dẫn môn học Anh văn chuyên ngành, Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành CNTT (English for IT & Computer users), Nhà xuất bản Khoa học và kỹ thuật, 2007 YÊU CẦU VỀ ĐÁNH GIÁ HOÀN THÀNH MÔN HỌC/MÔ ĐUN 1. . Kiểm tra đánh giá trước khi thực hiện mô đun: - Kiến thức: - Kỹ năng: 2. Kiểm tra đánh giá trong khi thực hiện mô đun: Giáo viên hướng dẫn quan sát trong quá trình hướng dẫn thường xuyên về công tác chuẩn bị, thao tác cơ bản, bố trí nơi làm việc Ghi sổ theo dõi để kết hợp đánh giá kết quả thực hiện môđun về kiến thức, kỹ năng, thái độ. 3. Kiểm tra sau khi kết thúc mô đun: Căn cứ vào mục tiêu môđun để đánh giá kết quả qua bài kiểm tra viết, kiểm tra vấn đáp, hoặc trắc nghiệm đạt các yêu cầu sau: 3.1. Về kiến thức: Được đánh giá qua bài kiểm tra viết, trắc nghiệm đạt được các yêu cầu sau: Trình bày các thuật ngữ chuyên ngành. Liệt kê được chức năng của anh văn chuyên ngành. Trình bày được các khái niệm về anh văn chuyên ngành. Trình bày được anh văn chuyên ngành Công nghệ thông tin 3.2 Về kỹ năng: Đánh giá kỹ năng thực hành của sinh viên trong bài thực hành anh văn chuyên ngành Khả năng tâm sự, diễn đạt, kiên quyết khách quan Sử dụng anh văn chuyên ngành thành thạo 3.3 Về thái độ: - Chấp hành nội quy thực tập; - Tổ chức nơi làm việc hợp lý, khoa học; - Ý thức kiên trì, nhẫn nại, khéo léo;
23. 23 - Tinh thần hợp tác làm việc theo tổ, nhóm. MODULE 1. COMPUTERS TODAY Learning objectives In this lesson, you will learn how to: Talk and write about computer applications in everyday life Recognize the basic components of a computer system and understand their functions Understand the structure of different CPUs (central processing units) Understand the units of memory (bits, bytes, KB, MB, GB) Build up new words by using prefixes and suffixes Buy a computer from a shop Use synonyms, acronyms, and abbreviations when talking about computers
24. 24 Lesson 1. Computer applications I. Match the pictures A. Computers have many applications in a great variety of fields. Look at these photographs of different situations and match them with texts 1 to 4 below. A B C D 1) Airline pilots use computers to help them control the plane. For example, monitors display data about fuel consumption, and weather conditions. In airport control towers, computers are used to manage radar systems, and regulate air traffic. 2) Computers can help students perform mathematical operations and solve difficult questions. They can be used to teach courses such as computer-aided design, language learning, programming, mathematics, etc. 3) Computer is used with laser and barcode technology to scan the price of each item and present total at a supermarket.
25. 25 4) Banks use computers to look after their customers’ money. They also control the automatic cash dispensers which, by the use of a personal coded card, dispense money to clients. A. Match these titles with the pictures Using an automatic cash dispenser In education, computers can make all the difference Scanning the price of each item and present total at a supermarket Controlling the plane B. Match the places in column A with the computer uses in column B A B Banks Provide information and entertainment Factories Look after, patient records and medicines Homes Calculate the bill Hospitals Control machines Shops Control our money Now use the above words and phrases to fill in the gaps in this paragraph about computer uses. Computers are now part of our everyday life. In shops, they . In factories, they In , they look after, patient records and medicines. When we have bank account, a computer . In our homes computers C. Look at text one again and discuss these questions How are/were computers used in your school? What other areas of study would benefit from the introduction of computers? Example: In my school, computers are used to speed up the process of looking for references in the library. II. Language work: The passive
26. 26 Passives are very common in technical writing where we are more interested in facts, processes, and events than in people. We form the passive by using the appropriate tenses of the verb ‘to be’ followed by the past participle of the verb we are using. Examples: Active 1) We sell computers. (simple present) 2) Babbage invented ‘The Analytical Engine’. (simple past) Passive 1) Computers are sold. (simple present) 2) ‘The Analytical Engine’ was invented in 1830. (simple past) Facts and processes When we write or talk about facts or processes that occur regularly, we use the present passive. Examples: 1) Data is transferred from the internal memory to the arithmetic- logical unit along channels known as buses. 2) The other users are automatically denied access to that record. 3) Distributed systems are built using networked computers. A. Read the text below, which describes the insurance company’s procedure for dealing with PC-users’ problems. Fill in the gaps using the correct form of the verb in brackets. All calls 1 . (register) by the Help Desk staff. Each call 2 . (evaluate) and then 3 . (allocate) to the relevant support group. If a visit 4 . (require), the user 5 . (contact) by telephone, and an appointment 6 . (arrange). Most calls 7 . (deal with) within one working day. In the event of a major problem requiring the removal of a user’s PC, a replacement can usually 8 . (supply). B. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in brackets 1) The part of the processor which controls data transfers between the various input and output devices . (call) the control unit. 2) An operating system . (store) on disk.
27. 27 3) Instructions written in a high-level language . (transform) into machine code. 4) In the star configuration, all processing and control functions . (perform) by the central computer. 5) When a document arrives in the mail room, the envelope . (open) by a machine. Events When we write or talk about past events, we use the past passive. Let us look at some examples. Examples: 1) COBOL was first introduced in 1959. 2) Microsoft was founded on the basis of the development of MS/DOS. 3) The organization was created to promote the use of computers in education. C. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. 1) Microsoft . (found) by Bill Gates. 2) C language . (develop) in the 1970s. 3) In the 1980s, at least 100,000 LANs . (set up) in laboratories and offices around the world. 4) The first digital computer . (build) by the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. 5) IBM’s decision not to continue manufacturing mainframes . (reverse) the year after it . (take). III. Reading A. Write a list of as many uses of the computer, or computer applications, as you can think of. B. Now read the text below and underline any applications that are not in your list What can computers do? Computers and microchips have become part of our everyday lives: we visit shops and offices which have been designed with the help of computers, we read magazines which have been produced on computer, and we pay bills prepared by computers. What makes your computer such a miraculous device? Each time you turn it on, with appropriate hardware and software, it is capable of doing anything you ask. It is a calculating machine that speeds up financial calculations. It is an
28. 28 electronic filing cabinet which manages large collections of data such as customers’ lists, accounts, or inventories. It is a magical typewriter that allows you to type and print any kind of document – letters, memos, or legal documents. It is a personal communicator that enables you to interact with other computers and with people around the world. If you like gadgets and electronic entertainment, you can even use your PC to relax with computer games. IV. Other application A. In small groups, choose one of the areas in the diagram below and discuss what computers can do in this area. Formula 1 cars Entertainment Factories and Hospitals and industrial medical processes research Useful words Formula 1: racing car, car body, design, mechanical parts, electronic components, engine speed Entertainment: game, music, animated image, multimedia, encyclopedia Factories: machinery, robot, production line, computer-aided manufacturing software Hospitals: patients, medical personnel, database program, records, scanner, diagnose, disease, robot, surgery Useful constructions Computers are used to A PC can also be used for Computers can help make control store keep provide manage give perform measure test provide access to
29. 29 B. Now write a short paragraph summarizing your discussion. Then ask one person from your group to give a summary of the group’s ideas to the rest of the class. Examples In business, computers are used for financial planning, accounting, and specific calculations. In the office, computers are used to write letters and keep records of clients, suppliers, and employees.
30. Lesson 2. Computer essentials I. Computer hardware A. In pairs, discuss these questions 1) Have you got a computer at home, school or work? What kind is it? 2) How often do you use it? What do you use it for? 3) What are the main components and features of your computer system? B. In pairs, label the elements of this computer system II. What is a computer? A. Read the text What is a computer? A computer is an electronic hardware sections: the central machine which can accept data in a processing unit (CPU), main memory certain form, process the data, and and peripherals. Perhaps the most give the results of the processing in a influential components is the central specified format as information. processing unit. Its function is to First, data is fed into the execute program instructions and computer’s memory. Then, when the coordinate the activities of all the program is run, the computer performs other units. In a way, it is the “brain” a set of instructions and processes the of the computer. The main memory (a data. Finally, we can see the results collection of RAM chips) holds the (the output) on the screen or in printed instructions and data which are being form. processed by the CPU. Peripherals are A computer system consists of two the physical units attached to the parts: hardware and software. computer. They include storage Hardware is any electronic or devices and input/output devices. mechanical part you can see or touch. Storage devices (hard drives, DVD Software is a set of instructions, called drives or flash drives) provide a a program, which tells the computer permanent storage of both data and what to do. There are three basic programs. Disk drives are used to read
31. and write data on disks. Input devices a modem, a digital camera, a scanner, enable data to go into the computer’s etc. They allow communication memory. The most common input between the computer and the devices. devices are the mouse and the Modem desktop PCs have USB ports keyboard. Output devices enable us to and memory card readers on the front extract the finished product from the panel. system. For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer. A USB On the rear panel of the computer A USB port connector there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripherals – B. Match these words from the text (1-9) which the correct meanings (a-i) 1. Software a. The brain of the computer 2. Peripherals b. Physical parts that make up a computer 3. Main memory system 4. Hard drive (also known as c. Programs which can be used on a hard disk) particular computer system 5. Hardware d. The information which is presented to the 6. Input computer 7. Ports e. Results produced by a computer 8. Output f. Input devices attached to the CPU 9. Central processing unit g. Section that holds program and data while they are executed or processed h. Magnetic device used to store information i. Sockets into which an external device may be connected III. Different type of computer A. Label the pictures (a-e) with words from the box Laptop Desktop PC PDA Mainframe Tablet PC
32. a b c . d e . B. Decide whether these sentences are true of false. Correct the false ones. 1) A mainframe computer is less powerful than a PC 2) A mainframe is used by large organizations that need to process enormous amounts of data. 3) The most suitable computers for home are desktop PCs 4) A laptop is not portable 5) Laptops are not as powerful as desktop PCs 6) Using a stylus, you can write directly onto the screen of a tablet PC
33. 7) A Personal Digital Assistant is small enough to fit into a palm of your hand. 8) A PDA does not allow you to surf the Web IV. Language work A. Look at the HELP box and then use suitable classifying expressions to complete these sentences 1. A computer . .hardware HELP box and software Classifying 2. Peripherals .three Classifying means putting things into types: input, output and storage groups or classes. We can classify types of devices computers, parts of a PC, etc. Some 3. A word processing typical expressions for classifying are program software are classifying into X which lets the user create and types/categories edit text are classified by 4. .of network can be divided into X architecture: peer-to-peer, types/categories where all computers have the Digital computers can be divided into same capabilities, and client- five main types: mainframes, desktop PCs, laptops, tablet PCs and handheld server (e.g. the Internet), where PDAs servers store and distribute data, include(s) and clients access this data. consist(s) of The basic configuration of a mainframe consists of a central system which processes immense amounts of data very quickly There are X types/classes of X is a type of A tablet PC is a type of notebook computer V. Benefits of laptops and tablet PCs Your school is considering buying tablet PCs to use in the classroom. Write an email to your teacher explaining the benefits for the students and the school.
34. Lesson 3. Inside the system I. Worm-up A. Read the advertisement and translate the technical specifications into your own language. Notebook Apple Macbook MC374ZP/A: CPU Intel Core 2 Duo P8600 (2.4Ghz/ Mb), 4GB RAM, 250GB HDD, DVDRW Super drive, 13.3" Monitor, camera isight, card reader, Lan Gigabit wifi 802.11abg,bluetooth, hệ điều hành Mac OS B. Try to answer these questions. (If necessary look at the Glossary) 1) What is the main function of a microprocessor? 2) What unit of frequency is used to measure processor speed? 3) What does ‘RAM’ stand for? II. Reading A. Read the text below and then sentences 1 to 8 that follow. Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F), and rewrite the false ones to make them true. What’s inside a microcomputer? The nerve centre of a executes program instructions and microcomputer is the central supervises the computer’s overall processing unit or CPU. This unit is operation. The unit consists of three built into a single microprocessor chip main parts: – an integrated circuit – which
35. i. The control unit, which The programs and data which examines the instructions in pass through the central processor the user’s program, must be loaded into the main interprets each instruction memory (also called the internal and causes the circuits and memory) in order to be processed. the rest of the components – disk drives, monitor, etc. – to be activated to execute the functions specified; ii. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs mathematical calculations (+, –, etc.) and logical Thus, when the user runs an operations (and, or, etc); application, the microprocessor looks iii. The registers, which are for it on secondary storage devices high-speed units of memory (disks) and transfers a copy of the used to store and control application into the RAM area. RAM information. One of these (random access memory) is registers is the program temporary, i.e. its information is lost counter (PC) which keeps when the computer is turned off. track of the next instruction However, the ROM section (read only to be performed in the main memory) is permanent and contains memory. Another is the instructions needed by the processor. instruction register (IR) Most of today’s computers have which holds the instruction internal expansion slots that allow that is currently being users to install adapters or expansion executed. boards. Popular adapters include high- One area where resolution graphics boards, memory microprocessors differ is in the expansion boards, and internal amount of data – the number of bits – modems. they can work with at a time. There The power and performance of are 8, 16, 32, and 64-bit processors. a computer is partly determined by the The computer’s internal architecture is speed of its microprocessor. A clock evolving so quickly that the new 64- provides pulses at fixed intervals to bit processors are able to address 4 measure and synchronize circuits and billion times more information than a units. The clock speed is measured in 32-bit system (see Fig.1).
36. MHz (megahertz) and refers to the is likely to provide a very fast frequency at which pulses are emitted. processing rate and will enable the For example, a CPU running at 500 computer to handle the most MHz (500 million cycles per second) demanding applications. The new generation Other popular of processors platforms are: Figure 1 shows the Intel’s Pentium 600 MHz Alpha Apple, IBM and microprocessor from Motorola’s Digital, with a 64-bit PowerPC Figure 1 RISC Sun’s implementation SuperSPARC (Reduced Instruction Silicon Set Computing) Graphics/Mips architecture, R10000 and providing lightning- R5000. fast performance. 1) The CPU directs and coordinates the activities taking place within the computer system. 2) The arithmetic logic unit performs calculations on the data. 3) 32-bit processors can handle more information than 64-bit processors. 4) A chip is an electronic device composed of silicon elements containing a set of integrated circuits. 5) RAM, ROM, and secondary storage are the components of the main memory. 6) Information cannot be processed by the microprocessor if it is not loaded into the main memory. 7) ‘Permanent’ storage of information is provided by RAM (random access memory). 8) The speed of the microprocessor is measured in megahertz. One MHz is equivalent to one million cycles per second. B. Contextual reference. What do the words in bold and italics print refer to? 1) which executes program instructions and supervises 2) the instruction that is currently being executed.
37. 3) the amount of data – the number of bits – they can work with at a time. 4) the microprocessor looks for it on 5) its information is lost when the computer is turned off. 6) expansion slots that allow users to install adapters or expansion boards. III. Language work: Relative clauses A. Study these sentences: 1) The microprocessor is a chip. 2) The chip processes the information provided by the software. Both these sentences refer to chip. We can link them by making sentence 2 a relative clause: The microprocessor is a chip which processes the information provided by the software. The relative clause is in bold italics. Note that ‘The chip’ in sentence 2 becomes ‘which’. Study these other pairs of sentences and note how they are linked. 3) The teacher has just arrived. 4) The teacher is responsible for the computer centre. 3+4: The teacher who is responsible for the computer centre has just arrived. B. Now link these sentences. Make the second sentence in each pair a relative clause. 1) The microprocessor coordinates the activities. These activities take place in the computer system. 2) Last night I met someone. He works for GM as a computer programmer. 3) A co-processor is a silicon chip. The chip carries out mathematical operation at a very high speed. 4) A megahertz is a unit of frequency. The unit is used to measure processor speed. 5) A password is a secret word. The word must be entered before access is given to a computer system. 6) A gateway is a device. The device is used to interconnect different types of networks. 7) Here’s the floppy disk.
38. You lent me the disk. 8) A USB port is a gateway. The gateway is used to connect all kinds of external devices to your computer. 9) Virus is a destructive software. This software causes damage to the data, the information or the hardware of the computer. IV. Reading A. Read the text and complete it with the phrases in the box. b. All the information stored in the RAM is temporary c. Microcomputers make use of two types of main memory d. ROM chips have ‘constant’ information e. The size of RAM is very important. Main memory: RAM and ROM The main memory of a application, the microprocessor finds computer is also called the ‘immediate its location in the storage device (the access store’, as distinct from any floppy or hard disk) and transfers a storage memory available on disks. temporary copy of the application to (1) : RAM and ROM, both the RAM area. Consequently, (3) contained in electronic chips If we want to increase the connected to the main board of the performance of a computer when computer. several applications are open at the RAM stands for ‘random same time or when a document is very access memory’ and is the working complex. area of the computer, that is, the basic location where the microprocessor stores the required information. It is called ‘random access’ because the processor can find information in any cell or memory address with equal speed, instead of looking for the data in sequential order. (2) , so it is lost when the machine is turned off. Therefore, The RAM capacity can if we want to use this information sometimes be expanded by adding later on, we have to save it and store it extra chips. These are usually on a disk. When running an contained in single in-line memory
39. modules or SIMMs, which are Memory module. installed in the motherboard of the ROM is an acronym for ‘read computer. only memory’, which implies that the We can designate a certain processor can read and use the amount of RAM space as a cache in information stored in the ROM chip, order to store information that an but cannot put information into it. (4) application uses repeatedly. A RAM , including instructions and cache may speed up our work, but it routines for the basic operations of the means that we need enough internal CPU. These instructions are used to memory or a special cache card. start up the computer, to read the information from the keyboard, to send characters to the screen, etc. They cannot be changed and are not erased when the power is turned off. For this reason, the ROM section is also referred to as firmware. B. As we have seen, there are three types of memory used by computers: RAM, ROM and secondary storage. Look through this list of features and decide which type of memory they refer to. 2) Any section of the main memory can be read with equal speed and ease. 3) It is available in magnetic, optical and video disks 4) A certain amount of this memory can be designated as ‘cache’ memory to store information in applications that are used very frequently. 5) It stores basic operating instructions, needed by the CPU to function correctly. 6) Memory which can be expanded by adding SIMMs of 8 MB, 16 MB, 32 MB or other major increments. 7) Information is permanent and cannot be deleted. 8) You can save and store your documents and applications. V. Vocabulary quiz In groups of three, write answers to these questions. The winners are the group that answers the most questions correctly in four minutes. 1) What are the main parts of the CPU? 2) What is RAM?
40. 3) What memory section is also known as ‘firmware’? 4) What information is lost when the computer is switched off? 5) What is the typical unit used to measure RAM memory and storage memory? 6) What is the meaning of the acronym SIMM? 7) What is a megahertz? 8) What is the ALU? What does it do? 9) What is the abbreviation for ‘binary digit’? 10) How can we store data and programs permanently? VI. Your ideal computer system A. Make about the features of the computer that you would like to have CPU: Speed: Optical disk drives: Hard disk: Software: . Minimum/maximum RAM: Monitor: B. Now describe it to your partner. Useful expressions It has got It’s very fast. It runs at The standard RAM memory and it is expandable The hard disk can hold I need a SuperVGA monitor because As for the Internet
41. Lesson 4. Buying a computer Buying a Home Computer Buying a home computer can be a bit like buying a car-it's a major purchase decision. There are many makes and models, and many people willing to give advice about what to buy and where to buy it. To make the most of your shopping experience, and sense of the variety of choices facing you, you'll want to do your homework before heading out. And, whether buying new or used, know what you want the computer to do for you and how much you can afford to spend. Deciding On An Operating System Computers can be categorized into two basic operating systems or types- those designed primarily for graphics work and those primarily intended for word processing. Although both are capable of either function. To help you decide between the two operating systems, determine whether you will use the computer more for graphics or mainly for producing text, the type of software you want to run and which type of computer it runs on (although most software has versions for both operating systems). If you're buying the computer for your child's use, see what kind of computer is used in his or her classroom. If you want to send files back and forth with your sister, check out her system. Both systems are great- one is not better than the other-but it helps to know what you want to do with your computer before you commit to either type. Buy from a Reputable Dealer Buying your computer from a reputable electronics dealer means you're more likely to get a better warranty and better service. The computers they carry have succeeded because of the high-quality of their machines and their service. What to Consider Before Buying a Computer How will you use the computer? Do you plan to write papers for a class using word processing software, keep track of your finances or business on a spreadsheet, send electronic mail (e-mail) to relatives across the country, surf the World Wide Web, or just play computer games? Knowing how you'll use your computer will help you determine what type of minimum requirements the computer needs to have. Bigger Programs Require More Memory Keep in mind that the size of the software you plan to run will dictate how much memory your computer should have. Consider how you will use your computer, then ask about the software you'll need. A sales associate should be able to tell you how many megabytes of memory you'll need based on your planned
42. computer use. Typically, you'll need a minimum of 64 megabytes of memory to adequately run most programs. Most computer systems come with preloaded software. Be sure to check the inventory of what's on the computer, so you'll know what you're getting. KEEP IN MIND THAT THE SIZE OF THE SOFTWARE YOU PLAN TO RUN WILL DICTATE HOW MUCH MEMORY YOUR COMPUTER SHOULD HAVE How Much Should You Spend? With computers, it's a good rule of thumb to buy as much as you can afford. Depending on your needs, be prepared to spend between $1,000 for an entry-level computer to $3,000 and up for a higher-end computer. You don't have to buy the biggest, fastest or most powerful computer on the market, but you should buy the best system you can- that includes monitor, microprocessor, memory, hard drive, keyboard, printer, etc. You might want to hold off buying any software until you've had a chance to take a look at the software which should come with your new computer. WITH COMPUTERS, IT'S A G00D RULE OF THUMB TO BUY AS MUCH AS YOU CAN AFFORD . . . Laptop vs. Desktop Models After you've made all the decisions about what you want in a computer, you also can choose what type of model you'd like: laptop or desktop. Laptop models are portable, and if you travel a lot and need to bring your computer along, this is the obvious choice. Desktops have larger screens (although you can use a larger screen with a laptop model) and are easily expandable. Laptops are generally regarded as companion computers to desktops, but they are sophisticated enough to be your primary computer. There are some laptops, called notebooks, that weigh less than five pounds. IF YOU DON'T KNOW A MOUSE FROM A RAM, THEN YOU NEED TO BRUSH UP ON THE LANGUAGE OF COMPUTERS . . . Computer Terminology Glossary If you don't know a mouse from a RAM, then you need to brush up on the language of computers. Here's a crash course. Cache: Cache is another type of memory kindred to RAM. Cache is used by the computer to quickly move data between the RAM and the CPU. CD-ROM Drive: Most new computers now come with a CD-ROM drive as standard equipment. A CD-ROM drive reads data from a disc. These CDs look like
43. a music CD, but hold data instead of music. CD-ROMs also contain games, dictionaries, recipe files . . . the list is endless. CPU: The CPU, or central processing unit, is the brains of the computer. Most new Windows based programs use a Pentium processor. New Macs use a different type of CPU called Power PC. THE CPU, OR CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT, IS THE BRAINS OF THE COMPUTER . . . Disk Drive: Virtually all computers come with a disk drive that can read and save information on portable diskettes, also called floppy disks. You can use floppy disks to save information or to load new software onto your computer. Hard Drive: The hard drive also is called the hard disk. You'll probably never see it because it is nestled inside your computer. It's the computer's electronic filling cabinet, and it stores the computer's operating system, files, programs and documents. Keyboard: Just like a typewriter keyboard, this device is the primary way of inputting data into many programs.
44. MODULE 2. INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES In this lesson, you will learn how to: Describe input and output devices Identify important keys on a keyboard and explain their functions Distinguish between facts and opinions in advertisements about peripherals (e.g. scanners) Understand technical specifications given about monitors Use different grammatical forms to give instructions, advice or warnings Compare different types of printers, and choose one for yourself Understand what sort of input/output devices are used by disabled people.
45. Lesson 1. Type, click and talk! I. Interacting with your computer Input devices are the pieces of hardware which allow us to enter information into the computer; the most common are the keyboard and the mouse. We can also interact with a computer by using one of these: a lightpen, a scanner, a trackball, a graphics tablet, a keyboard, a joystick or a voice recognition device. Look at the illustrations and see if you can name them. 1 2 . 3 4 6 5
46. 7 II. Speaking Work in pairs III. About the keyboard C. Look at the picture of a PC-compatible keyboard below and identify these groups of keys 1) Alphanumeric keys: arranged in the same order as a typewriter. 2) Function keys: used by various programs to instruct the PC to perform specific tasks such as Save, Copy, Cut, Paste, Help, etc. 3) Numeric keypad: set of numeric or editing keys. The Num Lock key is used to switch from numbers to editing functions. 4) Editing keys: cursor and other keys usually used within word processors to page up and down in a long document or to edit text (using Insert or Delete keys) 5) Special keys: used is to issue commands or to produce alternative characters in key combinations, for example, the Alt key A PC-compatible keyboard D. Match these keys abbreviations with their full names 1 Esc a. Alternate 2 Alt b. Page Up 3 Ctrl d. Escape
47. 4 Pgdn f. Control 5 Pgup e. Delete 6 Ins g. Page down 7 Del c. Insert E. Computer system may have different keyboard options. Here is an example. If we enter the Key Caps menu on a Macintosh in Courier and then press the Option key, we obtain the following symbols on the screen. Identify these symbols on the keyboard 1. Slash 2. Not equal to 3. Plus and minus 4. Trademark 5. Yen sign 6. Copyright 7. Number 8. Registered trademark IV. Reading A. Try to answer these questions 1) How is the mouse connected to the computer? 2) What does the mouse pointer look like on the screen? 3) What are the functions of the mouse buttons? 4) What are the advantages of a computer mouse over a
48. keyboard? Read the text to check your answer or to find the right answers The mouse! The computer mouse is a hand-operated device that lets you control more easily the location of the pointer on your screen. You can make selections and choices with the mouse button. The mouse contains a rubber-coated ball that rests on the surface of your working area or a mousemat. When the mouse is moved on that surface, the ball rolls. The ball’s movements up and down, and left and right, turn the two axles inside the mouse. As they turn, detectors register the changing position. A small integrated circuit inside the mouse sends signals to the operating system, which instructs it to move the pointer on your screen. B. Here are some basic mouse actions. Match the terms in the box with the explanations below a. Click b. Double-click c. Drag 1) Position the pointer on something, then rapidly press and release the mouse button twice. (You do this to load a program, open a document, or select text or graphics) 2) Position the pointer on something, hold down the mouse button, and move the mouse to the desired position, then release the button. (You do this to move an image to a new location on the screen) 3) Position the pointer on something, then press, and release the mouse button. (You do this to place the insertion point, to choose an option, or to close a window) V. Language work: Describing function We can describe the function 3. ROM is used for holding of an item in a number of ways. instructions which are needed Study these examples. to start up the computer. Using the Present simple Emphasizing the function 1. ROM holds instructions 4. The function of ROM is to which are needed to start up hold instructions which are the computer. needed to start up the Used to-infinitive, Used for
49. + ‘-ing’ form computer. 2. ROM is used to hold instructions which are needed to start up the computer. Now, match each item in Column A with its function in Column B. Then describe its function in two ways. A Item B Function 1 RAM a controls the cursor. 2 processor b inputs data through keys like a typewriter. 3 mouse c displays the output from a computer on a screen. 4 clock d reads DVD-ROMs. 5 3.5’’ floppy e reads and writes to removable magnetic disks. drive f holds instructions which are needed to start up the 6 monitor computer. 7 keyboard g holds data read or written to it by the processor. 8 DVD-ROM h provides extremely fast access to sections of a drive program and its data. 9 cache i controls the timing of signals in the computer. 10 ROM j controls all the operations in a computer.
50. Lesson 2. Capture your favorite images I. Scanners: The eyes of your computer Use the information in the text and the illustration to answer these questions. 1) What is a scanner? Give a definition in your own words. 2) How does a color scanner work? What does a scanner do? A scanner converts texts or pictures into electronic codes that can be manipulated by the computer. In a flatbed scanner, the paper with the image is placed face down on a glass screen similar to a photocopier. Beneath the glass are the lighting and measurement devices. Once the scanner is activated, it reads the image as a series of dots and then generates a digitized image that is sent to the computer and stored as a file. The manufacturer usually includes software which offers different ways of treating the scanned image. A color scanner operates by using three rotating lamps, each of which has a different colored filter: red, green, and blue. The resulting three separate images are combined into one by appropriate software. What do you think are the benefits of using scanners in business? II. Facts and opinions A. Read the advertisements on the following page and underline what you think are facts and circle the opinions. Then write them in the table below. Facts are ‘real’ objective information. Opinions usually include emotive words, positive/negative phrases, and subjective (persuasive) statements. Note: dpi: dots per inch 9’’ x 15’’: scanning area measured in inches. JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts’ Group – a standard format in image compression. With JPEG, your images can be compressed to 1/50th of normal size, resulting in a substantial saving of disk space and time. ColorScan XR ScanPress 800 Facts Flatbed scanner Self-calibrating flatbed scanner 600 dpi of resolution
51. 51 Opinions You can get crisp, clean The highest technology scans ColorScan XR from Sunrise ScanPress 800 The ColorScan XR from The ScanPress 800 is a self- Sunrise is a flatbed scanner with calibrating, flatbed scanner with 800 600dpi of resolution and 9’’ x 15’’ dpi of resolution. You can scan from of scanning area. black and white to 24-bit color. The Think of the possibilities. package includes a hardware You can enter data and graphic accelerator for JPEG compression images directly into your and decompression. JPEG applications – word processors or technology saves disk space by databases. You can get crisp, clean compressing images up to 50 to 1. scans for color compositions, In creating ScanPress 800, the video, and animation work. manufacturers have chosen the It comes complete with its own highest technology to give you the image-capture software which best scans with the least effort. It allows for color and grey produces images with high color retouching. And it’s easy to use. definition and sharpness. And it What more could you want for comes with OCR software and only £616? It couldn’t be cheaper. Adobe Photoshop, so you can In the field of flatbeds, the manipulate all the images you ColorScan XR is a clear winner. capture. This is fantastic machine you will love working with. And at only £1,037 it is an excellent investment B. In small groups, compare your answers and decide 1) Which text has got more persuasive language? 2) Which text is more factual or objective? III. Language work: Making comparisons A. Formation The regular comparative and superlative forms of descriptive words (adjectives and adverbs) are shown below: 51
52. 52 1. Words of one syllable add the ending –er and –est. Absolute Comparative Superlative Adjectives New newer newest old older Oldest Adverbs soon sooner Soonest late later latest 2. Words with three or more syllables are preceded by more and most. Absolute Comparative Superlative Adjectives interesting more interesting most interesting convenient more convenient most convenient Adverbs easily more easily most easily carefully more carefully most carefully 3. Adjectives with two syllables may be like 1 or 2 above in that they will add the ending –er and –est if they end in –y or –ly, -ow, -le, and – er. Absolute Comparative Superlative -y tiny tinier tiniest speedy speedier speediest -ly early earlier earliest friendly friendlier Friendliest -ow shallow shallower Shallowest -er clever cleverer cleverest 4. Most of the remaining two-syllable adjectives take more and most in front of them Absolute Comparative Superlative 52
53. 53 careful more most careful careful boring more boring most boring awful more awful most awful 5. Some common two-syllable adjectives can have either type of formation. Absolute Comparative Superlative common Commoner/ Commonest/ more most common common gentle gentler/ gentlest/ more gentle most gentle quiet quieter/ quietest/ more quiet most quiet 6. Two-syllable adverbs ending in –ly take more and most. Absolute Comparative Superlative quickly more most quickly quickly slowly more slowly most slowly 7. A small number of adjectives and adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative form. Examples: Absolute Comparative Superlative Adjectives bad worse worst far further/farther furthest/farthest good better best many more most 53
54. 54 Adverbs badly worse worst much more most little less least B. Use in sentences Comparison may show equivalence, non-equivalence, the highest degree of something, and parallel increase. 1. Equivalence: the following words and constructions are used to show that things or people are similar in some way. as as the same similar/ly either as many as are similar equal/ly all as much as equal to compared to/with both similar to is like each alike Examples: Here, the term ‘processor’ is equivalent to the central processing unit. Laptops are as powerful as microcomputers 2. Non-equivalence: the following words and constructions are used to compare or contrast things or people that are separate from each other. not as as greater than unequal(ly) less than -er than not as many as unlike not equal to more than not as much as not the same as fewer than Examples: A mainframe is larger and more expensive than a microcomputer. Learning to use a computer is not as difficult as learning to program 3. The highest degree: the following words and constructions are used to compare one member of a group with the whole group (superlative). the -est the most the least Examples: This is the most popular package on the market today. 54
55. 55 BASIC is probably the least difficult programming language to learn. 4. Parallel increase: the following words and constructions are used to show parallel increase (two comparatives). the -er, the more the more , the .-er the -er, the less Examples: The more memory your computer has, the more data it can store. The bigger your computer system is, the less time you spend waiting. The more training you give to your employees, the better they will perform. C. The following sentences express computer capabilities and limitations. Decide whether the sentences express equivalence, non-equivalence, or the superlative, then underline the words expressing the comparison. The first one has been done for you. 1) equivalence Speeds for performing decision-making operations are comparable to those for arithmetic operations. 2) . Even the most sophisticated computer, no matter how good it is, must be told what to do. 3) . A computer can perform similar operations thousands of times without becoming bored, tired, or careless. 4) . For example, modern computers can solve certain classes of arithmetic problems millions of times faster than a skilled mathematician. 5) . One of the most important reasons why computers are used so widely today is that almost every big problem can be solved by solving a number of little problems. 6) . Finally, a computer, unlike a human being, has no intuition. IV. Further reading Advertisement: A scanner Some of the adjectives have been left out of this persuasive advertisement. Read it and complete it with words from the box. stunning affordable wide excellent complete easy-to-use The GT-7000 provides amazing at a very (2) . price. Using quality with powerful, (1) a combination of EPSON Advanced . software and hardware Scanning Technologies, the GT-7000 55
56. 56 provides (3) . quality . posters, letters, flyers, whether scanning text documents, and Web pages. photos, or films. The EPSON START Button takes the complexity out of scanning. Simply press this button once and your photo or document is scanned and inserted into the software package of your choice ready for editing, printing, or The GT-7000 is also available as the publishing. GT-7000 Photo scanner (6) Included with the GT-700 is a (4) . with advanced film . . range of bonus software adapter unit. to help with home and business scanning, printing, and publishing, allowing you to create (5) 56
57. 57 Lesson 3. Viewing the output I. Read and think Describe the screen of our computer to another student. Use these questions to help you. - What size is it? - Does it produce a high quality image? - Which is the common size of a monitor ? II. Reading A. Read the text and try to guess the meaning of any new words in the box below. Refer to the Glossary if necessary. dot pixel resolution scan (verb) display hertz flicker bit-mapped visualize The monitor The quality of the display depends on 75 times per second, depending on the the number of dots which make up the system. If the rate of this repetition is image. The more dots the better low, we can perceive a flickering, display. unsteady screen, which can cause eye fatigue. However, a fast-moving 75 Hz ‘refresh rate’ eliminates this annoying flicker. The size of the screen is the diagonal distance from one corner to another. Low resolution High The actual area for images is smaller display resolution Typical resolutions are 640 x 480 or than this. 1,024 x 768 pixels. The diagrams The price mainly depends on the above show how pixel density affects screen size. Common monitor size are the image: a larger number of pixels 14-inch, 17-inch, and 21-inch. The gives a much clearer image. price also depends on aperture grill The monitor refreshes the image on pitch, resolution and number of the screen all the time. The faster this controls. happens, the less the screen flickers. Aperture grill pitch controls the space This sequence is repeated 50, 60, or between the dots which make up the 57
58. 58 image. The less space between the display adaptor, which plugs into the dots, the better the display. Most motherboard of the computer. monitors offer 0.28mm dot pitch but Different boards drive different types some go as high as 0.31mm or as low of displays. For example, the VGA as 0.25mm. (video graphics array) card has The monitor is controlled by a become a standard for color monitors. separate circuit board, known as the B. Read the text again and answer these questions. 1) According to the writer, what is the importance of ‘pixel resolution?’ 2) Which unit of frequency is used to measure the refresh rate of a monitor? 3) In the writer’s opinion, why can a low refresh rate produce eye fatigue? 4) Is a dot pitch of 0.31 mm is better than one of 0.25mm ? why ? 5) Does the price of a monitor depend only on the size ? 6) Is a maximum resolution of 1600x1200 better than 1280x1024 ? why ? III. Writing A. Tables often include abbreviations and technical words that are not easy to understand. Look at this table and the explanation of Monitor A’s specifications. Tilt- CRT CRT Pixel Visual Refresh Other and- size face res. display rate features swivel Monitor 16’’ flat 870 x 256 60 Hz √ anti- A 640 shades of glare Superview grey filter Monitor 19’’ flat 1,024 x 32,000 75 Hz √ video B 768 colors card Paintview The specifications of Superview (Monitor A) may be explained like this: 1) This monochrome monitor has a 16-inch screen. 2) This displays system has a resolution of 870 x 640 pixels that gives you enough quality for graphics. 58
59. 59 3) It offers 256 shades of grey. 4) It has a 60-hertz refresh rate. (This is quite low, so it will probably produce a flickering, unsteady image.) 5) A tilt-and-swivel stand is used to move the monitor up, down and around so that the angle can be adjusted for each user. 6) The anti-glare filter helps eliminate eye fatigue and electromagnetic radiation. B. Use this example to help you describe Monitor B IV. Language work: Instructions and advice Study these ways of giving instructions and advice and then rewrite the sentences below about what you should do to protect your eyes. Use modal auxiliary verbs in your sentences. Using imperatives Position your keyboard at the same height as your elbows. Don’t use a monitor that is fuzzy or distorts the image. Using should/ought to You should position your keyboard at the same height as your elbows. = You ought to position You shouldn’t use a monitor that is fuzzy or distorts the image. = You ought not (oughtn’t) to use 1) Do not stare at the screen for long periods of time. 2) Avoid placing the monitor so that it reflects a source of bright light, such as a window. 3) Keep the screen clean to prevent distorting shadows. 4) If you work in an office with a large number of computers, don’t sit too close to the sides or backs of the monitors. 5) Buy a protective filter that cuts down the ELF (extremely low frequency) emissions. 59
60. 60 Lesson 4. Choosing a printer I. Reading A. How many kinds of printers can you think of? Make a list. B. Read the text below and label these types of printers. The resolution depends on the The quality (resolution) of number of pins (9 or 24) the images ranges from 180 to 720 dots per inch (dpi) 1 2 Provides high quality output – Provides the highest a resolution of 600/1200 (dpi) resolution – more than 2,000 dpi. 3 4 Provides high quality for linework (like lines and curves) 60
61. 61 5 Types of printers paper to form the required image. This Printing is the final stage in creating type of printer is quite fast, silent, and a document. That is the purpose of the not so expensive as a laser printer. printers joined to your computing Nevertheless, you can expect high equipment. Since the results you can quality results because there are some obtain with different types of printers ink-jet printers on the market with a will vary substantially, here is a guide resolution of 720 dpi. Bubble-jet to help you decide which one is most printers work the same way. suitable for your needs. Laser printers produce output at Dot-matrix printers use pins to print great speed and with a very high the dots required to shape a character. resolution of 600/1200 dpi. They scan They print text and graphics and the image with a laser beam and nowadays some of them can print up to transfer it to paper with a special ink 450 characters per second (cps); powder. They are constantly being however, they produce relatively low- improved. In terms of speed and image resolution output – 72 or 144 dots per quality they are preferred by experts for inch. This level of quality, while different reasons: they have a wider suitable for preliminary drafts, is not range of scalable fonts, they can recommended for reports or books that emulate different language systems, have a wide audience. They are slower they can produce graphics, and they than laser printers but much cheaper. have many other advantages. It goes One common type of non-impact without saying that they are still printer is an ink-jet printer. It operates expensive. by projecting small ink droplets onto C. Read the text again and complete this table with the most relevant information. Then compare your notes with a partner. Type Technical specifications and other features of printer Dot- matrix Ink-jet Laser 61
62. 63 II. Discourse cohesion Reference signals: Read the text and say what the underlined words refer to. Printing is the final stage in creating a document. That is the purpose of the printers joined to your computing equipment. Since the results you can obtain with different types of printers will vary substantially, here is a guide to help you decide which one is most suitable for your needs. Dot-matrix printers use pins to print the dots required to shape a character. They print text and graphics and nowadays some of them can print up to 450 characters per second (cps). III. Scan reading: Quiz Read the advertisements for printers below, and then with your partner, answer the questions. See who in your group/class can finish first. 1) How many laser printers are advertised here? 2) Is there a printer that operates by spraying ink droplets onto paper? 3) Which laser printer offers the highest resolution or output quality? 4) Which printer is the most expensive? 5) Which one would you recommend to a friend who does not have much money? 6) Which one has more internal fonts? 7) A printer language is software that tells printers how to print a document. Can you find two types of laser printer languages? 8) What connectivity features are offered by the Turbo Laser Writer QR? 9) A very common feature in advertisements is the use of abbreviations. Find the abbreviations for these expressions: dots per inch, characters per second, pages per minute, small computer system interface, and liquid-crystal display. Turbo LaserWriter QR Stylus Dot-matrix Printer Workgroup laser printer. 15 pages per £179 minute. 600 dpi for graphics. 36 MB of RAM. Includes Adobe PostScript Dot-matrix printer with 24 pins. and Hewlett Packard PCS printer Prints text and graphics. 450 cps. languages. 75 resident fonts. Compatible special interface. Free Connectivity: one bi-directional unlimited hotline support for our parallel port, one LocalTalk port, and customers. One year on-site one Ethernet port for networks. 12 maintenance. month warranty. £1,150 63
63. 64 Color PostScript Printer Crystal laser Printer II Color printer. 40 Adobe PostScript 14 pages per minute. fonts. 6 MB. 36 MB RAM with a SCSI interface Two 200 sheet selectable input for an optional 20 MB hard disk. trays. £999 Parallel, serial and AppleTalk LCD display. interfaces. 80 internal scalable fonts. HP plotter emulation. Thermal printing A resolution of 1,200dpi. system. 30-day money-back guarantee Comes with PostScript language and and PCL (printer control language). 1 year’s on-site parts and labor. Telephone hotline support. £2,249 COLOR INK JET Micro Laser XT Color: Up to 18 ppm £210 Personal laser printer, 5 pages per Resolution: Up to 4800 x 1200 minute. 4 MB RAM expandable to optimized dpi on premium photo paper 64 MB. Parallel interface. 200 sheet Paper input capacity: Up to 150 input tray. 35 resident fonts. One- sheets year on-site maintenance. Prints on a Duplex printing: Automatic wide range of materials and sizes. (optional) £649 Reliable color printer with cost- effective features for the home or office on a budget IV. Language work: Revision of comparison A. Study the sentences below and do the following: Draw a circle around comparatives and a rectangle around superlatives Identify two special cases. 1) Dot-matrix printers are cheaper than laser printers. 2) A photosetter is the fastest output device. 3) A thermal wax printer is more expensive than a monochrome laser printer. 4) The Micro Laser XT is the most reliable of all. 5) Personal laser printers cost less than ordinary laser printers. They also weigh less and require less space. 6) My printer has more resident fonts than yours. 7) This printer offers laser quality at a lower price. 8) Monochrome printers operate faster than color ones. 9) Dot-matrix printers are too slow. 10) Dot-matrix printers are not quick enough. 64
64. 65 V. Describing your ideal printer Describe to your partner the characteristics of the printer you would like to use. Give reasons. (Does your ideal printer look like the one below?) 65
65. 66 Lesson 5. I/O devices for the disabled I. Adaptive technology Working in pairs or small groups, look at the pictures and discuss these questions. Use the phrases in the box to help you. 1) What sort of difficulties do you think are experienced by computer users with limitations of vision or mobility? 2) What types of devices could be helpful to blind users? 3) How can a person with mobility limitations communicate with a computer? 4) Think of possible tools or solutions. Key words blind person adapted keyboard magnification on-screen keyboard software voice recognition system Braille printer screen-pointing device adaptive switch speech synthesis system motor-impaired optical head pointer person 66
66. 67 II. Reading A. Read the text below and find: 1) Two examples of speech synthesis systems. 2) The kind of software which is recommended for someone with partial vision. 3) The speed of the Juliet Braille printer. 4) The ways adaptive switches can be activated. 5) The function of voice recognition devices. 6) The devices used by the disabled person at the Center for the Handicapped in Seattle. 7) How the blind student interacts with the machine. Computer for the disabled Sal has all the necessary qualities what will it cost the company to adapt for becoming a good telemarketer*. the workplace to accommodate him? He’s bright, outgoing, and persistent. Phillis must accommodate him, He is also blind. Phillis wants to hire since her company is in the US, and him, but she has some concerns. How therefore subject to the Americans will he be able to use the company’s with Disabilities Act or ADA #. But database if he can’t see the monitor? she needn’t worry. The latest adaptive How will he read office technology for personal computers correspondence? And more important, provides a cost-effective way to allow 67
67. 68 Sal and workers with other disabilities Open Book Unbound from to do their job with independence. Arkenstone can read printed material The first task in adding adaptive to blind people and send the text to a technology to a computer is to PC. determine the specific needs of the To adapt equipment for motor- disabled worker in question. To work impaired workers unable to type on effectively, most blind users need to standard keyboard, you can employ have their computers adapted with adapted keyboards, head pointers, and technologies such as speech synthesis, Morse code systems. magnification, Braille and OCR. One example of a speech-synthesis system is VertPro from TeleSensory. Adapted keyboard. The user can also have an external adaptive switch to select menu Voice system choices or virtual keys from an on- This product can read MS-DOS- screen keyboard. Adaptive switches based word processors, databases, come in a variety of forms that can be spreadsheets, and other text-based activated by eye movements, breath software. Window Bridge from control, or any other reliable muscle Syntha-Voice can verbalize both MS- movement. DOS and Windows-based Another way of controlling applications. computers is via a Morse code system. For someone with limited but Such a system consists of adaptive usable vision, a software switches and software for people who magnification package may be can’t type on a full keyboard, but have appropriate. Magnification software the ability to physically push at least can enlarge text appearing on the one key. screen by up to 16 times. For Braille output, the Juliet printer from Enabling Technologies interfaces to any standard serial or parallel port. This printer can emboss Braille on both sides of a page at a Adaptive switch speed of 40 characters per second. The Reading Edge OCR from Xerox Imaging Systems and the Arkenstone 68
68. 69 Voice-recognition systems permit (Adapted from ‘Computers for the people to issue verbal commands to a disabled’, Joseph J. Lazzaro, BYTE computer to perform data entry. Magazine, June 1993) * Someone who markets products by phone. # This makes it illegal for employers to discriminate against people with disabilities. B. Match the terms in the box with the explanations below. a. disability b. Braille c. port d. interface e. Morse code f. speech synthesizer 1) A system of writing and reading (using raised dots) for blind people, to enable them to read by touch. 2) A socket to connect I/O devices 3) Incapacity 4) A system of dots and dashes, or short and long sounds, representing letters of the alphabet and numbers. 5) A hardware device used in conjunction with a screen reader program to convert screen contents into spoken words. 6) Channels and control circuits which allow different parts of a computer to communicate with one another. It also refers to the part of the system that allows a user to interact with programs. III. Writing Write a letter to Mike Hartley – the director of the Adaptive Technology Project for the Blind in Washington, DC. – asking for information about computers for the disabled. Make sure you include the following points. - Begin by saying why you’re writing: I’m writing to - Ask for information about specific I/O equipment for deaf, blind, and motor-disabled workers: I would like to know Ask for a free handbook about how to add adaptive technology to personal computers: I would be very grateful if - End the letter appropriately: I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely, IV. Language work: Compound nouns 69
69. 70 A. Formation and use The language of computing in English contains an ever-increasing number of compound nouns, that is, a group of two or more nouns which act as a single noun. Examples memory capacity an address bus an arithmetic unit information systems a bar code scanner a computer keyboard It is important to be able to recognize how such compounds are formed in order to understand what they mean. The exact relationship between the words depends on the particular expression, but all these expressions have one thing in common: the last word in the chain says what the thing is, while the preceding word or group of words describes the thing. So when we read compound nouns, we have to start with the last word and work backwards. Examples: An address bus is a bus dedicated to address information. The memory capacity of a computer is the capacity of its memory. A large number of possible meanings can be expressed by compound nouns. For instance, the first noun or group of nouns can tell us what the second noun is made of, what it is for, or what it is part of. 1. Material: the first noun tells us what the second noun consists of. Example: a silicon chip (a chip made of silicon) a ferrite ring (a ring made of ferrite) 2. Function: the first noun tells us what the second noun is for. Example: an address bus (a bus dedicated to address information an arithmetic unit (a unit which performs arithmetic functions) 3. Part: the second noun refers to a part of the first noun. Example: a computer keyboard (the keyboard of a computer) a monitor screen (the screen of a monitor) 70
70. 71 a program feature (a feature of a program) 4. Activity or person: the second noun refers to an activity or person related to the first noun. Example: computer programming (the programming of computers) a computer programmer (a person who programs computers) systems analysis (the analysis of organizational systems) a systems analyst (a person who analyses organizational systems) 5. Multiple nouns: sometimes a compound noun will join together with one or more other nouns to give an expression that has three or four words. In such cases, it is important to examine the expression very carefully to break it into its constituent parts. The secret, as always, is to read the expression from the back towards the front. Example: 4 3 2 1 a document-image-processing program (a program which processes images of documents) Note: some expressions are written separately, while others are joined by hyphens. There are no clear rules for this. Sometimes you will see the same expression written in different ways in different texts. Example: document-image-processing program document image-processing program document image processing program However, it is important to be consistent within a single text. B. Exercises 1. A device that scans bar codes is called a bar code scanner. What name is given to: 1) a unit that gives a visual display of information on a screen? 2) a device that reads magnetic cards? 3) a device that plots graphs? 4) a device that prints using a laser as the light source? 5) a unit that holds magnetic disks? 71
71. 72 6) a device that prints using a jet of ink? 7) the rate of transmission of data? 8) a package for making presentations using multimedia? 9) a program which processes data in batches? 10) the process for the conversion of disks for computers? 2. Using the explanations in Exercise 1 as models, write short simple explanations of the following items: 1) an input device 2) an optical character reader 3) a graphics stylus 4) a document sorter 5) a fiber optics transmission system 6) a sequence control register 7) a liquid crystal display 8) network configuration information 9) a desktop document manager 10) a multimedia editing software package 72
72. 73 MODULE 3. STORAGE DEVICES Learning objectives In this lesson, you will learn how to: Ask and answer questions about hard disks Describe different types of storage devices Locate specific information in texts about optical disks Use technical vocabulary connected with disks and drives Give advice and make recommendations about disks and drives. 73
73. 74 Lesson 1. Hard drives I. Before you read Try to answer these questions. 1 What is the main function of a hard disk? 2 Which unit is used to measure hard disk capacity? II. Reading A. Read the text quickly to find out if you were right in task 1. B. Read the text again and make a list of the technical aspects that you should consider when buying a hard disk When buying a hard disk Hard disks have important advantages over floppy disks: they spin at a higher speed, so you can store, and retrieve information much faster than with floppies. They can also hold vast amounts of Bearing in mind that you always information, from 500 MB up to need disk storage, it is good sense to several terabytes. Apart from this, ask yourself some vital questions: both types of disks work in the same What size capacity do I need? What way. To directly access the necessary speed can I use? What kind of storage information, the read/write heads of device is the most suitable for my rigid disks seek the required tracks requirements? If you only use word- and sectors, and then transfer the processing programs, you will need information to the main memory of less storage capacity than if you use the computer or to another form of CAD, sound and animation programs. storage, all of which is done in a few milliseconds (ms). 74
74. 75 Now let’s turn our attention to drive, known as ‘removable’, allows speed. Access times vary from 8 ms to information to be recorded on 20 ms. ‘Access time’ – or seek time – ‘cartridges’, which can be removed is the time it takes your read/write and stored off-line for security heads to find any particular record. purposes. Popular removable hard You have to distinguish clearly disks include Jaz and Zip drives. A between seek time (e.g. 20 ms) and Jaz cartridge can store up to 2 GB of ‘data transfer rate’ (the average speed data, whereas a Zip drive can store up required to transmit data from a disk to 250 MB of data. system to the RAM, e.g. at 20 Finally, a few words about megabits per second). Remember that ‘optical’ technology: CD-ROMS and the transfer rate also depends on the CD-Recordable drives have become a power of your computer. reality. However, magnetic hard disks When buying a hard disk you are still preferred for personal data should consider the kinds of drive storage, whereas optical discs are used mechanisms and products available. for recording large amounts of There are ‘internal’ and ‘external’ information such as a dictionary or drives which are both fixed hard encyclopedia. drives, i.e. rigid disks sealed into the drive unit, either within or attached to the computer. A third type of hard C. Now read these sentences and decide if they are true (T) or false (F) 1) Hard disks use rigid rotating disks. 2) ‘Seek time’ refers to the average time required for the recording heads to move and access data. 3) If you use multimedia applications, you need the same storage capacity as required for word processors. 4) ‘Access time’ and ‘data transfer rate’ mean the same. 5) Optical disks are magnetic. 6) Each Jaz cartridge can hold up to 1,000 MB of data 7) CD-ROM disks are used for storage of massive amounts of information. III. Work in group Work in group of three. Read two texts each and complete your sections of the table. 75
75. 76 Medium Advantages Disadvantages Fixed hard Removable CD-ROM Magneto- Magnetic 1) Almost all desktop computers have hard disks. They are fast and store much amounts of data, but they are fixed inside the computer and you cannot use them to transfer data. 2) You can move data from place to place using removable hard disks. They are almost as fast as fixed hard disks and also have high capacities, but they are relatively expensive. They do not all conform to one standard and they are not very common. 3) CD-ROM disks are very common and conform to a standard. They are removable and can hold large amounts of data. They are also cheap to make. However, they are usually read-only. You can not change the information on them. They are also slow compared to hard disks. 4) Magneto-optical disks are like CD-ROMs, but you can write data on to them, they are removable, have large capacities, and last for a long time, but they are expensive and do not all conform to one standard. For this reason they are not very common. 5) Magnetic tape is a cheap medium. You can use it to store very large amounts of data, but it does not allow random access. Every time you read or write a piece of data, you start at the beginning of the tape. Tape drives are slow. Therefore, it is only suitable for doing backups. IV. Vocabulary The phrase hard disk consists sell drive of the adjective hard and the drugs noun disk. Make other phrases or copy words by combining hard and worker optical disk with these words. Give the internal hard dirk magnetic meaning of each phrase or word in your own language. compact labor currency capacity (Use your dictionary if 76
76. 77 necessary) ware directory V. Language work: Revision of prefixes Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix from the following list auto de dec inter maxi mega micro mini mono multi semi sub 1) Most people prefers a color screen to a . chrome screen. 2) . script is a character or symbol written below and to the right of a number or letter, often used in science. 3) A . byte equals approximately one million bytes. 4) Once you finish your program, you will have to test it and . bug it to remove all mistakes. 5) The introduction of . conductor technology revolutionized the computer industry. 6) If a computer system has two or more central processors which are under common control, it is called a . processor system. 7) The . imal system is a number system with a base of 10. 8) When the user and the computer are in active communication on a graphics system, we refer to this as . active graphics 77
77. 78 Lesson 2. Magnetic storage I. Types of magnetic drive A. Look at the pictures and descriptions below and find the following 1) The name of the hard drive on a PC platform 2) The type of hard drive that plugs into a socket at the back of a computer. 3) The system that works in sequential format 4) The size and storage capacity of a floppy disk The inside Magnetic of a hard tapes and drive drive Most PCs have one internal hard A tape drive reads and writes data drive, usually called C: drive. It is on tapes. It is sequential-access- i.e. used to store the operating system, to get to a particular point on the the programs and the user’s files in tape, it must go through all the a convenient way. A hard drive can preceding points. Tapes can hold hold hundreds of gigabytes of data. hundreds of gigabytes of data and are used for data collection, backup and archiving A portable external hard drive External hard drives are connected to the USB or FireWire port of the computer. They can be as small as a wallet but can have as much capacity as internal drives, they are typically used for backup or as secondary storage B. Complete these sentences with words from the box capacity storage archiving hold secondary 78
78. 79 1) There are basically three types of magnetic . Device available to the computer user-hard drives, diskettes and tapes. 2) Hard drives can .hundreds of times more data than floppy disks. 3) A portable hard drives is a good choice for storage. 4) Magnetic tapes are used for information that you no longer need to use regularly. II. Magnetic storage A. Read the text and then identify a sector and a track B. Read the text again and decide whether these sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones. 1) If you format a hard drive that has files on it, the files will be deleted 2) Hard drives cannot be partitioned to run separate operating systems on the same disk 3) Seek time and transfer rate mean the same thing 4) Disk drives are not shock resistant, especially in operating mode Magnetic storage Magnetic storage devices store (OS) organizes the disk surface into data by magnetizing particles on a circular tracks and divides each track disk or tape. into sectors. The OS creates a A hard drive spins at over 7,200 directory which will record the rpm and stores specific location of files. When you data on a save a file, the OS moves the stack of metal read/write head of the drive towards rotating disk empty sectors, records the data and called platters. This means you can writes an entry for the directory. Later store much more data and retrieve on, when you open that file, the OS information much faster. looks for its entry in the directory, New disks need to be formatted moves the read/write heads to the before you can use them, unless they correct sector, and reads the file in the come preformatted RAM area. However, formatting from manufacturer. erases any existing files on a disk, so When the disk is do not format disks on which data that formatted, the you don’t want to lose is stored. operating system 79
79. 80 The OS allows you to create one or without affecting the data partition. more partitions on your hard drive, in The average time required for the effect dividing it into several logical read/write heads to move and find parts. Partitions let you install more data is called seek time (or access than one operating system (e.g time) and it is measured in Windows and Linux) on your milliseconds (ms); most hard drives computer. You may also decide to have a seek time of 7 to 14 ms. Don’t split your hard drive because you want confuse this with transfer rate- the to store the OS and programs on one average speed required to transmit partition and your data files on data from the disk to the CPU, another; this allows you to reinstall measured in megabytes per second. the OS when a problem occurs, C. Match these words (1-5) with the definitions (a-e) 1. Formatted a. A file system that defines the structure for 2. Directory keeping track of the files. 3. Read/write head b. The part of a drive that reads and records data on 4. Head crash a disk 5. Back up c. To make a copy of data of software in case the original disk is damaged d. Initialized; when the tracks and sectors on magnetic disks are set e. A serious disk malfunction; when the read/write head touches the rotating disk III. Language work: precautions A. Look at the HELP box and then match the instructions (1-6) with the pictures (a-f) 1) Do not expose discs to heat or direct sunlight 2) Check for viruses before opening files you receive from the Web or via mail 3) Make backup copies of your files 4) Don’t shake or move the computer violently while the hard drive is spinning 5) Keep you discs away from water and humidity 6) Hold discs by the edges or by one edge and the centre hole 80