Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành - Ngành: Công nghệ thông tin

Nội dung text: Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành - Ngành: Công nghệ thông tin

1. Unit 1: The Computer A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one of two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters. The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason, computer can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory. Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. However, most computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities. First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: "Who would win a war between two countries?" or "Who is the richest person in the world?" The computer can only decide three things, named: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another? A computer can do many things that a person can do. A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands, of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job. A computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic logical operations almost instantaneously. A computer can replace people in a lot of tasks. Certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc. However, a computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information. After all, 1
2. it is just only a device: if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, it wouldn’t be of much use. Vocabulary Electronic circuit (n) Mạch điện tử Switch (v- n) Công tắc Magnetize (v) Từ hóa Core (n) Cuộn dây Store (v) Lưu giữ Processing Xử lý Device (n) Thiết bị Instruction (n) Hướng dẫn Operation (n) Vận hành, hoạt động Memory (n) Bộ nhớ Power (n) Sức mạnh, nguồn điện Arithmetic (a) Số học A means of communicating (n) Phương tiện giao tiếp Decision (n) Quyết định Solve (v) Xử lý, giải quyết I. Comprehensive reading 1. Comprehension questions 1. What is a computer? 2. Where are the program and the data kept in a computer? 3. What types of information that a computer accept? 4. What are three basic capabilities of a computer? 5. How can a computer be used to replace people in some cases? 2. Understanding the passage Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to the information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true. 1. .A computer can store or handle any data even if it hasn't received information to do so. 2. .All computers accept and process information in the form of instructions and characters. 3. .The information necessary for solving problems is found in the memory of the computer. 2
3. 4. .Most computers can not perform arithmetic operations, make decisions, and communicate in some ways with the users. 5. .Computers can make any type of decisions they are asked to do. 6. Computers can not work if we do not give them the appropriate information. II. Grammatical Point Relative pronouns – who, whom, which, that, and whose Relative pronouns serve two functions at once. They are used as the subjects or objects of the verbs, like other pronouns; at the same time, they join clauses together, like conjunctions. The most common relative pronouns are who, whom, which, that and whose. Both who and whom are used for people. However, whom (which refers to the object of a verb or a preposition) is rather unusual, especially in conversational English. It is generally either left out, or replaced by who or that. Which is used for things. That can often (but not always) be used instead of who, whom, or which. Whose is relative possessive pronoun which is used in place of a possessive ’s or a possessive adjective. - The subject: Eg: The man who is standing over there is my teacher. The book which is about wild life is mine. I’ll introduce you to the man whose support is necessary for your project - The object: Eg: This is the novel that I like best. The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt. The professor whose course I’m taking is excellent. Exercise: Combine each pair of sentences into one. 1. She is the most intelligent student. I’ve ever met this student. 2. The examination lasted two days. I was successful in this examination. 3. A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out. 4. Please post these letters. I wrote them this morning. 5. The man called the police. His car was stolen last night. 6. The man refused to give me his name. He told me this. 7. He made the noise. The noise woke everyone up. 8. Everyone knows him. Everyone likes him. 9. This is Tom. I borrowed his bike. 10. Mary and Rose are twins. You talked to them yesterday evening. 3
4. III. Exercise Translate the following text into Vietnamese What can computers do? Computers and microchips have become part of our everyday lives: we visit shops and offices which have been designed with the help of computers, we read magazines which have been produced on computer, and we pay bills prepared by computers. Just picking up a telephone and dialing a number involves the use of a sophisticated computer system, as does making a flight reservation or bank transaction. We encounter daily many computers that spring to life the instant they're switched on (e.g. calculators, the car's electronic ignition, the timer in the microwave, or the programmer inside the TV set), all of which use chip technology. What makes your computer such a miraculous device? Each time you turn it on, it is a Tabular Rasa that, with appropriate hardware and software, is capable of doing anything you ask. It is a calculating machine that speeds up financial calculations. It is an electronic filing cabinet which manages large collections of data such as customers' lists, accounts, or inventories. It is a magical typewriter that -allows you to type and print any kind of document - letters, memos or legal documents. It is a personal communicator that enables you to interact with other computers and with people around the world. If you like gadgets and electronic entertainment, you can even use your PC to relax with computer games. 4
5. UNIT 2: Characteristic of computer Computers are machines designed to process, electronically, specially prepared pieces of information which are termed data. Handling or manipulating the information that has been given to the computer, in such ways as doing calculations, adding information or making comparisons is called processing. Computers are made up of millions of electronic devices capable of storing data or moving them, at enormous speeds, through complex circuits with different functions. All computers have several characteristics in common, regardless of make or design. Information, in the form of instructions and data, is given to the machine, after which the machine acts on it, and a result is then returned. The information presented to the machine is the input; the internal manipulative operations, the processing; and the result, the output. These three basic concepts of input, processing, and output occur in almost every aspect of human life whether at work or at play. For example, in clothing manufacturing, the input is the pieces of cut cloth, the processing is the sewing together of these pieces, and the output is the finished garment. INPUT COMPUTER OUTPUT SEC.STORAGE Figure shows schematically the fundamental hardware components in a computer system. The centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor, or usually, the central processing unit (CPU). The term "computer" includes those parts of hardware in which calculations and other data manipulations are performed, and the high-speed internal memory in which data and calculations are stored during actual execution of programs. Attached to the CPU are the various peripheral devices such as card reader and keyboards (two common examples of input devices). When data or program needs to be saved for long 5
6. period of time, they are stored on various secondary memory devices of storage devices such a magnetic tape or magnetic disk. Computers have often been thought of as extremely large adding machines, but this is a very narrow view of their function. Although a computer can only respond to certain number of instructions, it is not a single-purpose machine since these instructions can be combined in an infinite number of sequences. Therefore, a computer has no known limit on the kinds of things it can do; its versatility is limited only by the imagination of those using it. In the late 1950s and early 1960s when electronic computers of the kind in use today were being developed, they were very expensive to own and run. Moreover, their size and reliability were such that a large number of support personnel were needed to keep the equipment operating. This has all changed now that computing power has become portable, more compact, and cheaper. In only a very short period of time, computers have greatly changed the way in which many kinds of work are performed. Computers can remove many of the routine and boring tasks from our lives, thereby leaving us with more time for interesting, creative work. It goes without saying that computers have created whole new areas of work that did not exist before their development. Vocabulary Information Thông tin Input Đầu vào Processing Xử lý Output Đầu ra Processor Bộ xử lý Manipulations Xử lý High-speed Tốc độ cao Keyboards Bàn phím Combine Kết hợp Limit Giới hạn Equipment Thiết bị Tasks Nhiệm vụ I. Comprehensive reading 1. Comprehension questions 1. How can computers process data? 2. What are computers comprised of? 6
7. 3. What are the input, the processing, and output? 4. What does the high-speed internal memory do? 5. How are modern computers different from the ones in the past? 2. Understanding the passage Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to the information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true. 1. All information to be processed must be prepared in such a way that the computer will understand it. 2. Because of the complex electronic circuitry of a computer, data can be either stored or moved about at high speeds. 3. .Not all computers can process data given to them and produce results. 4. .The basic concepts of data processing are restricted to computers alone. 5. .The processor is the central component of a computer system. 6. .All other devices used in a computer system are attached to the CPU. 7 Memory devices are used for storing information. 8 Computers are very much restricted in what they can do. 9. .Computers today cost less, are smaller, and need fewer people to operate them than in the past. 10. Computers haven't changed our working conditions very much. II. Grammar Passive voice (1) – passive forms of present simple and past simple Rule The subject of the active verb becomes the agent of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is mentioned it is preceded by “by” and placed at the end of the clause. Active: S + verbA + O Passive: S + be + past participle + (by O) We usually use the passive voice when we do not know the agent or we want to emphasize the object. a) Present simple: S + am/ is/ are + PII 7
8. Eg: Ann writes a letter. -> A letter is written by Ann. People spend a lot of money on advertising everyday. -> A lot of money is spent on advertising everyday. b) Past simple: S + was/ were + PII Eg: They broke the window last night. -> The window was broken last night. The teacher didn’t allow his students to take the books home. -> The students weren’t allowed to take the books home. Exercise: change the following sentences from active to passive 1. Did the teacher return the written works? 2. People drink a great deal of tea in England. 3. People speak English in almost every corner of the world. 4. They didn’t look after the children properly. 5. She doesn’t often take her dog for a walk. 6. They use milk for making butter and cheese. 7. They sold one of her painting at $1.000. 8. A man I know told me about it. 9. Do people grow rice in Asia? 10. Why didn’t they mend the roof before it fell in? III. Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets a. Various terminal (connect) to this workstation b. Microcomputers (know) as “PCs” c. Magazines (typeset) by computers. d. When a particular program is run, the data (process) by the computer rapidly e. Hard disks (use) for the permanent storage of information. f. The drug-detecting test in the “tour de France” (support) by computers. g. All the activities of the computer system (coordinate) .by central processing unit. h. In some modern system information (hold) in optical disks. i. COBOL (use) for business applications. j. the ADA language (develop) .in 1979. 8
9. k. in the 1970s, new languages such as LISP and PROLOG (design) .for research into Artificial Intelligence. 2. Translate the text into Vietnamese Some applications of computers Computers have many applications in a great variety of fields. 1. In education, computers can make all the difference. Computers can help students perform mathematical operations and solve difficult questions. They can be used to teach courses such as computer-aid-design, language learning, programming, mathematics, etc. PCs (personal computers) are also used for administrative purposes: for examples, school use databases and word processors to keep records of students, teachers and materials. 2. In competitions, computers play an extremely important part. Race organizers and journalist rely on computers to provide them with the current positions of riders and teams in both the particular stages of the race and in the overall competition. Workstations in the race buses provide the timing system and give up-to-the minute timing information to TV stations. In the process rooms several PCs give real time information on the stage of the race. Computers databases are also used in the drug-detecting tests for competitors. 3. In banking, computers store information about the amount of money held by each client and enable staff to access large databases and try to carry out financial transactions at high speech. They also control the automatic cash dispensers which, by the use of a personal code card, dispense money to clients. 4. In air track, airline pilots use computers to help them control the plane. For example, monitors display data about fuel consumption and weather conditions. In airport control towers, computers are used to manage radar systems and regulate air traffic. On the ground, airlines are connected to travel agencies by computer. Travel agents use computers to find out about the availability of flights, prices, times, stopovers and many other details. 9
10. Unit 3: Configuration CPU (inside) Computers are electronic machines which can accept data in a certain form process the data and give the results of the processing in a specified format as information. Three basic steps are involved in the process. First, data is fed into the computer’s memory. Then, when the program is run, the computer performs a set of instructions and processes the data. Finally, we can see the results (the output) on the screen or in printed form. Information in the form of data and programs is known as software, and the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system are called hardware. A standard computer system consists of three main sections: the central processing unit (CPU), the main memory and the peripherals. Perhaps the most influential component is the CPU. Its function is to execute program instructions and coordinate the activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the brain of the computer. The main memory holds the instructions and data which are currently being processed by the CPU. The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/output devices. Storage devices (floppy, hard or optical disks) provide a permanent storage of both data Disk drives are use to handle one or more floppy disks. Input devices (e.g.: mouse, keyboard) enable data to go into the computer’s memory. The most common input devices are the keyboard. Output devices (e.g.: monitor, printer) enable us to extract the finished product from the system. For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer. On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripherals-modems, fax machines, optical drives and scanners. 10
11. These are the main physical units of a computer system, generally known as the configuration. Vocabulary Screen Màn hình Form Dạng, loại Software Phần mềm Hardware Phần cứng Mechanical (a) Thuộc về cơ khí Central Processing Unit (CPU) Bộ xử lý trung tâm Peripheral Ngoại vi Unit Thiết bị Brain Bộ não Disk drivesổ đĩa Floppy disk Đĩa mềm Product Sản phẩm Monitor Màn hình Printer Máy in Port Cổng Plug I. Comprehensive reading 1. Comprehension questions 1. What are three basic steps in the process? 2. What are software and hardware? 3. What is the function of the CPU? 4. What are the most common input devices? Do you know any others? 5. Where does the computer show the output? 2. Matching Use the information in the text to match the terms with the appropriate explanation or definition below. a. software b. peripheral devices c. monitor d. floppy disk e. hardware d. input e. port f. output g. input h. CPU 1. The brain of the computer 2. Physical parts that make up a computer system. 3. Programs which can be used on a particular computer system. 11
12. 4. The information which is presented to the computer. 5. Results produced by a computer. 6. Hardware equipment attached to the CPU. 7. Visual display unit. 8. Small devices used to store information. Same as “diskette”. 9. Any socket or channel in a computer system into which an input/output device may be connected. 3. Filling into the blanks Computer system Program and Mechanical and data electronic equipment The “brain” of Main Physical unit attached to the computer memory the computer Storage Input/output devices devices II. Grammar Passive voice (2)– passive forms of present continuous and present perfect. a) Present continuous: S + am/ is/ are + being + PII Eg: They are pulling down the old house. -> The old house is being pulled down. b) Present perfect: S + have/ has + been + PII Eg: Mr. Smith has taught us French for two years. -> We have been taught French by Mr. Smith for two years. Exercise: Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning: 1. Tom is writing a letter. 2. Five suspects have been arrested by the police. 12
13. 3. Are big cakes being made for the party? 4. Has Tom finished the work? 5. People are spending far more money on food now than they spent ten years ago. 6. Someone has already told him to report for duty at six. 7. Who are they keeping in the kitchen? 8. The lessons are being written by the students now. 9. Some of my books have been taken away. 10. They haven’t repaired my computer yet. 11. They have just released the new version of TurboPascal. III. Exercise Match these descriptions with the names of keys on the right. 1. A long key at the bottom of the keyboard. Each time it is pressed, it produces a blank space (= .) Arrow keys 2. It moves the cursor to the beginning of the new line. It is also used Return to confirm commands (= ) Caps lock 3. It stops a program without losing the information from the main memory. Sometimes its use depends on the applications. Shift (= .) Tab 4. It works in combination with other keys to produce special Escape characters or specific action (= .) 5. It removes the character on the left of the cursor or any selected Space bar text (= ) backspace 6. It products UPPER-CASE character on the left of the cursor (or Alt the upper case character of the key) (= ) 7. It produces upper-case letters but it does not affect numbers and symbols (= ) 8. It moves the cursor horizontally in the right for a fixed number of spaces (in tabulations and data fields) (= ) 9. They are used to move the cursor as an alternative to the mouse (= ) 13
14. Unit 4: Hardware and software Computer systems are devised to help people solve problems. Computer systems may be discussed in two parts. The first part is hardware - the physical, electronic and electromechanical devices that are thought and recognized as "computers". The second part is software - the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and that direct the processing of data. INPUT COMPUTER OUTPUT SEC.STORAGE Figure shows diagrammatically the basic components of computer hardware joined together in a computer system. The centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor, or usually the central processing unit (CPU). The term "computer" usually refers to those parts of the hardware in which calculations and other data manipulations are performed, and to the internal memory in which data and instructions are stored during the actual execution of programs. The various peripherals, which include input and/or output devices, various secondary memory devices, and so on, are attached to the CPU. Computer software can be divided into two very broad categories system software and application software. The system software is often simply referred to as "system". These, when brought into internal memory, direct the computer to perform tasks. The application software may be provided along with the hardware by a system supplier as part of a computer product designed to answer a specific need in certain areas. These complete hardware/software products are called turnkey systems. The success or failure of any computer system depends on the skill with which the hardware and software components are selected and blended. A poorly chosen system can be a monstrosity incapable of performing the tasks for which it was originally acquired. 14
15. Vocabulary Physical Thuộc về vật lý Control Điều khiển Direct Định hướng Components Bộ phận Centerpiece Phần trung tâm Calculation Tính toán Internal Thuộc về bên trong External Thuộc về bên ngoài Program Chương trình Secondary Thứ cấp Application Ứng dụng Provide Cung cấp Supplier Người/bộ phận cung cấp Skill Kỹ năng I. Comprehensive reading 1. What are the two parts making up a computer system? 2. Which part directs the processor of data? 4. Where are peripherals attached? 3. What does the term “computer” refer to? 5. What are the two categories of computer software? 6. What does performance of a computer system depend on? II. Grammar: 1. Prefixes Trong Tiếng Anh xuất hiện các tiền tố sau: - To denote reversal or repetision of an action: un, non, in, dis, re. - To denote size: semi (nửa), mini (nhỏ), micro (to). - To denote space ralationship: inter (trong), super (trên), trans (chuyển đổi), ex (ngoài), extra (thêm), mid (giữa) - To denote time relationship: pre (trước), ante (trước), prime (®Çu tiªn), fore (trước), post (sau) - To denote numeral: bi (hai), hex (s¸u), oct (t¸m), multi (nhiÒu). Underline all prefixes in these following sentences: 15
16. 1. Non-impact printers are inexpensive and silent. 2. Tape-marks are reflective strips stuck onto the tape. 3. The octal and the hexadecimal systems are number systems used as a form of shorthand in reading groups of four binary digits. 4. The internal storage locations of a computer are called its primary memory. 5. Multi programming is when more than one program can be present at different storage locations of the memory at the same time. 2.2 Passive voice for defective verbs Active: S + can/ should/must + verb + O Passive: O + can/should/must + be + PII + (by S) Rewrite the following sentences 1. A system supplier may provide the application software along with the hardware as part of a computer. 2. The computer can manipulate the electronic codes which are converted by a scanner. 3. You should keep the screen clean to prevent distorting shadows. 4. You should position your key board at the same height as your elbows. 5. You should protect your floppies against high temperature 6. You shouldn’t put heavy objects on the top of the disk 7. Magnetic fields can damage the information stored on disks. 8. When you insert a blank dist into a disk drive, you must format it III. Exercise Exercise 1 Complete the sentences with a suitable word 1. The is also called the computer, the processor, or usually the CPU. 2. are the physical, electronic and electromechanical devices thought as “computers”. 3. Data and instructions are stored during the actual execution of programs in 4. are the complete hardware/software products that systems suppliers provide with the hardware. Exercise 2: Read the text below and complete it with the phrases in the box Applications software operating system software system software 16
17. Information provided by programs and data is known as .Programs are sets of instructions that make the computer execute operations and tasks. There are tow main types of software. The (2) refers to all the programs which control the basic functions of a computer. They include operating system, system utilities (e.g an antivirus program, a back-up utility) and language translators (e.g. a compiler- the software that translates instructions into machine code). The (3) refers to all those applications such as word processors and spreadsheets – which are used for specific purposes. Applications are usually stored on disks loaded into the RAM memory when activated by the users. The (4) . is the most important type of system software. It is usually supplied by the manufacturers and comprises a set of programs and files that control the hardware and software resources of a computer system. It controls all the elements that the user sees, and it communicates directly with the computer. In most configurations, the OS is automatically loaded into the RAM section when the computer is started up. Exercise 3 Translate the following text into Vietnamese Floppy disks Information stored in the RAM is lost when the computer is turned off. Because of this, data and applications are stored in either hard or floppy disks which provide a more permanent backing store. Floppy disks are so called because they consist of flexible plastic material which has a magnetizable surface. They are available in two sizes: 5.25-inch disks are used in old computers; 3.5-inch disks are the most popular today. The surface of a floppy disk is divided into concentric circles or 'tracks', which are then divided into 'sectors'. When you insert a blank disk into a disk drive, it must be 'initialized', or formatted, before information can be recorded onto it. This means that magnetic areas are created for each track and sector, along with a catalogue or 'directory' which will record the specific location of files. When you save a file, the operating system moves the read/write heads of the disk drive towards empty sectors records the data and writes an entry for the directory. Later on, when you open that file, the operating system looks for its entry in the directory on the disk, moves the read/write heads to the correct sectors, and reads the file into the RAM area. 17
18. Unit 5: Central process unit It is common practice in computer science for the words "computer" and "processor" to be used interchangeably. More precisely, "computer" refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory or main storage, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufacturers design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer. The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU can also retrieve information from memory and can store the results of manipulations back into the memory unit for later reference. In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic - logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two states, either on or off. The function of the control unit within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that portion of the computer that directs the sequence or step-by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic - logical unit. The arithmetic - logical unit, on the other hand, is that portion of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation, called for in the ' instructions are performed. It also performs some kinds of logical operations such as comparing or selecting information. All the operations of the ALU are under the direction of the control unit. Programs and the data on which the control unit and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located on: secondary memory devices such as disks or tapes, programs and data and first loaded into internal memory. Main storage and the CPU are connected to a console, where manual control operations can be performed by an operator. The console is an important, but special purpose, piece of equipment. It is used mainly when the computer is being started up, or during maintenance and repair. Many mini and micro systems do not have a console. Vocabulary Science Khoa học 18
19. Interchangeablely cã thÓ thay thÕ cho nhau Order Trận tự Retrieve Lấy, gọi ra Control unit Thiết bị điều khiển Arithmetic- logical unit ®¬n vÞ sè häc logic State Trạng thái Transmit Truyền Signal Tín hiệu Command Mệnh lệnh Interpret Dịch Load Tải Console thiÕt bÞ ®Çu cuèi Manual Bằng tay Automatic Tự động I. Comprehensive reading 1. Comprehension questions 1. What does the term “computer” refer to? 2. Which parts make up the heart of the computer system? 3. What are the two functional units of the CPU in digital computers? 4. What does the control unit within the central processor do? 5. What does the ALU function? 6. When is console used? 2. Understanding the passage Decide whether the following statements are true or false 1. The central processing unit is made up of three components. 2. The CPU is responsible for all the activities taking place within a computer. 3. The processor itself has three components. 4. The control unit directs the flow of information within the processor. 5. The arithmetic-logical unit of the processor is responsible for the interpretation of program instructions. 6. .The arithmetic-logical unit is also responsible for choosing and comparing the appropriate information within a program. 19
20. 7. The processor cannot operate on any information if that information is not in main storage. 8. .Secondary memory and internal memory are located in the same place in the computer system. 9. Only after the data has been processed by the CPU can results be transmitted to an output device. 10 Computers can solve problems more quickly if they operate on new information. II. Grammar 1. Showing the contrast To show the contrast between two ideas but and however are usually used. “but” is used to link two independent clauses in a compound sentence, there is a comma (,) between the two clauses. Eg: Internet is a vast source of information, but a lot of information from internet is not very credible. “however” is used to link the two sentences. It can be at the beginning of the sentence or after the subject. E.g: Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. However, most computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities. 2. Adding new ideas When we want to add new ideas we usually use the to phrases: in addition and moreover Eg: He would like to become a computer programmer, because it is his passion, in addition, it is a high paid job. Eg: III. Exercise Translate the following text into Vietnamese What’s inside a microcomputer? The nerve centre of a microcomputer is the central processing unit or CPU. This unit is built into a single microprocessor chip – uninterrupted circuit, which executes program instructions and supervises the computer’s overall operation. The unit consists of three main parts: The control unit, which examines the instructions in the user’s program, interprets each instruction and causes the circuits and the rest of the components – disk drives, monitor, ect – to be activated to execute the functions specified; The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs mathematical calculations (+, -, etc.) and logical operations (and, or, ect); The registers, which are high speed units of memory used to store and control information. One of 20
21. these registers is the program counter (PC) which keeps track of the next instruction to be performed in the main memory. Another is the instruction register (IR) which holds the instruction that is currently being executes. One area where microprocessors differ is in the amount of data – the numbers of bits – they can work with at a time. There are 8, 16, 32, and 64-bit processors. The computer’s internal architecture is evolving so quickly that the new 64-bit processors are able to address 4 billion times more information than a 32-bit system. The programs and data which pass through the central processor must be loaded into the main memory (also called the internal memory) in order to be processed. Thus, when the user runs an application, the microprocessor looks for it on secondary storage devices (disks) and transfers a copy of the application into the RAM area. Ram (random access memory) is temporary, i.e. its information is lost when the computer is turned off. However, the ROM section (read only memory) is permanent and contains instruction needed by the processor. Most of today’s computers have internal expansion slots that allow users to install adapters or expansion boards. 21
22. Unit 6: TYPES OF MEMORY As mentioned previously, one of the most important characteristics of a computer is its capability of storing information in its memory long enough to process it. Not all computers have the same type of memory. In this section, three types of memory will be discussed: core memory, semiconductor memory (or chip), and bubble memory. The memory of the first computers was made up of a kind of grid of fine vertical and horizontal wires. At each intersection where the wires crossed, there was a small ferrite ring called a core (hence the name "core memory") which was capable of being either magnetized or demagnetized. Every intersection had its unique address: consequently, when an electrical current was passed through the wires, the magnetized as well as the unmagnetized cores were identified by their respective addresses. Each core represented a binary digit of either 0 or 1, depending on its state. Early computers had a capacity of around 80,000 bits; whereas now, it is not surprising to hear about computers with a memory capacity of millions of bits. This has been made possible by the advent of transistors and by the advances in the manufacture of miniaturized circuitry. As the result, mainframes have been reduced in both size and cost. Throughout the 1950s, 1960s and up to the mid 1970s, core memory dominated the market. In the 1970s, there was a further development which revolutionized the computer field. This was the ability to etch thousands of integrated circuits onto a tiny piece (chip) of silicon, which is a non-metallic element with semiconductor characteristics. Chips have thousands of identical circuits, each one capable of storing one bit. Because of the very small size of the chip, and consequently of the circuits etched on it, electrical signals do not have to travel far, hence, they are transmitted faster. Moreover, the size of the components containing the circuitry can be considerably reduced, a step which has led to the introduction of both minis and micros. As a result, computers have become smaller, faster, and cheaper. There is one problem with semiconductor memory, however: when power is removed, information in the memory is lost unlike core memory, which is capable of retaining information during a power failure. Another development in the field of computer memories is bubble memory. The concept which consists of creating a thin film of metallic alloys over the memory board. When this film is magnetized, it produces magnetic bubbles, the presence, or absence of which represents one bit of information. These bubbles are extremely tiny, about 0.1 micrometer in diameter. Therefore, a magnetic bubble memory can store information at a greater density than existing 22
23. memories, which makes it suitable for micros. Bubble memories are not expensive, consume little power, are small in size, and are highly reliable. There is probably a lot more to learn about them, and research in this field continues. Vocabulary Core memory bộ nhớ lõi Semiconductor memory bộ nhớ bán dẫn Bubble memory bộ nhớ bọt từ Intersection giao điểm Identified xác định Transistors thiết bị bán dẫn Mainframe máy chủ Integrated Tích hợp Retaining giữ lại Consists of bao gồm Reliable đáng tin cậy I. Comprehension a. Main idea Which statements do not express the main idea of the text? 0 1. Core memory was the first type of computer memory developed. 0 2. There are at least three different kinds of memory used in computers. 0 3. Bubble memory is the latest development in computer memory. b. Understanding the passage Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T /F) by referring to the information in the text. Then make necessary changes so that the false statements become true. 1. The most important function of a computer is to hold information in its memory in order to process it. 2. Minicomputers, microcomputers, and mainframes all have the same kind of memory. 3. Semiconductor memory was developed before core memory and after bubble memory. 4. Core memory uses small metal rings which can be magnetized or unmagnetized. 5. The state of the core can be represented by either 0 or 1. 23
24. 6. Early computer memories had less storage capacity than newer ones. 7. A transistor and a chip are the same kind of device. 8. The development of chips made it possible for minicomputers and microcomputers to be invented. 9. Bubble memory is smaller than a chip. 10. Bubble memory doesn’t have very many advantages. II. Grammatical Point Reason and result clause 1. Reason clauses Reason clauses are introduced by because, for, since, as, because of and it doesn’t matter if which clause comes first. After because, since, as, for you use a clause but after because of you use a noun or noun phrase. Eg: Because/ since/ as/ for the memory cells of computers are made of superconducting materials, they could store information indefinitely. Eg: Because of the high price, he couldn’t buy a new laptop 2. Result clauses Result clauses are usually introduced by so, therefore, for this reason and the result clause must come after the main clause. Eg: CPU is the most important part in a computer, so it is called the heart of the computer. Hard disks at a higher speed. Therefore/ For this reason, you can store and retrieve information much faster than floppy disks. Exercise: Rewrite the following sentences. 1. They went for a walk as they were not busy. 2. The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason, computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/ or logical opearions on the information, and then supply results of these operations. 3. They can’t go for they don’t have enough money. 4. As the price was too high, she couldn’t buy a laptop. 5. They didn’t take part in the trip since the weather was bad. 24
25. III. Translate into Vietnamese Main memory: RAM and ROM The main memory of a computer is also called the 'immediate access store', as distinct from any storage memory available on disks. ROM chips have 'constant' information: RAM and ROM, both contained in electronic chips connected to the main board of the computer. RAM stands for 'random access memory' and is the working area of the computer, that is, the basic location where the microprocessor stores the required information. It is called 'random access' because the processor can find information in any cell or memory address with equal speed, instead of looking for the data in sequential order. The size of RAM is very important, so it is lost when the machine is turned off. Therefore, if we want to use this information later on, we have to save it and store it on a disk. When running an application, the microprocessor finds its location in the storage device (the floppy or hard disk) and transfers a temporary copy of the application to the RAM area. Consequently, All the information stored in the RAM is temporary. If we want to increase the performance of a computer when several applications are open at the same time or when a document is very complex. The RAM capacity can sometimes be expanded by adding extra chips. These are usually contained in single in-line memory modules or SIMMs, which are installed in the motherboard of the computer. We can decimate a certain amount of RAM space as a cache in order to store information that an application uses repeatedly. A RAM cache may speed up our work, but it means that we need enough internal memory or a special cache card. ROM is an acronym for 'read only memory', which implies that the processor can read and use the information stored in the ROM chip, but cannot put information into it. Microcomputers make use of two types of main memory including instructions and routines for the basic operations of the CPU. These instructions are used to start up the computer, to read the information from the keyboard, to send characters to the screen, etc. They cannot be changed and are not erased when the power is turned off. For this reason, the ROM section is also referred to as firmware. 25
26. Unit 7: UNITS OF MEMORY Bits - basic units of memory Information is processed and stored in computers as electrical signals. A computer contains thousands of electronic circuits connected by switches that can only be in one of two possible states: ON (the current is flowing through the wire) or OFF (the current is not flowing through the wire). To represent these two conditions, we use binary notation in which 1 means ON and 0 means OFF. This is the only way a computer can 'understand' anything. Everything about computers is based upon this binary process. Each 1 or 0 is called a binary digit or bit. Bytes and characters 1s and 0s are grouped into eight-digit codes that typically represent characters (letters, numbers and symbols). Eight bits together are called a byte. Thus, each character in a keyboard has its own arrangement of eight bits. For example, 01000001 for the letter A, 01000010 for B and 01000011 for C. The ASCII code The majority of computers use a standard system for the binary representation of characters. This is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange, known popularly as :ASCII' (pronounced 'ask-key'). There are 256 different ways of combining 0 and 1 bits in a byte. So they can give us 256 different signals. However, the ASCII code only uses 128 bytes to represent characters. The rest of the bytes are used for other purposes. The first 32 codes are reserved for characters such as the Return key, 'lab, Escape, etc. Each letter of the alphabet, and many symbols (such as punctuation marks), as well as the ten numbers, have ASCII representations. What makes this system powerful is that these codes are standard. Kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes In order to avoid astronomical figures and sums in the calculation of bytes, we use units such as kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes. One kilobyte is 1,024 bytes (210)and it is represented as KB, or more informally as K. One megabyte is equivalent to 1,024 KB, and one gigabyte is 1,024 MB. We use these units (KB, MB, GB) to describe the RAM memory, the storage capacity of disks and the size of any application or document. 26
27. Vocabulary Connected kết nối Current dòng điện Binary digit số nhị phân Grouped nhóm Arrangement sắp xếp Representation hiển thị lại Reserved cất giữ Codes mã RAM memory bộ nhớ RAM Document tài liệu I. Read and answer the questions 1. How many digits does a binary system uses? What is a “bit”? 2. What is a collection of eight bits called? 3. Can you work out the value of these units? 1 megabyte = kilobytes/ bytes 1 gigabyte = megabytes/ bytes 4. What does “ASC II” stand for? What is the purpose of this code? 5. How many ways to combine 0 and 1 bits in a byte? And how does ASCII use them? II. Grammatical points Prefixes commonly used in computer science. The table gives some prefixes commonly used in computer science. Knowing the meaning of these prefixes will help you understand the new words. Prefixes Meaning Examples Deci- Ten Decimal, decimalize, decibel Hexadeci- Sixteen Hexadecimal Kilo- One thousand (1,000) Kilocycle, kilogram(me), kilowatt (1,024 in binary: 210) Mega- Large, one million Megahertz, megalith, megaton Giga- Very large, one thousand Gigantic, gigabyte million Mini- Small Minibus, minimum, minimize 27
28. Micro- Very small Microfilm, microphone, microware Bi- Two Bidirectional, bidimensional, binary Tri- Three Tripartite, tricycle, trilingual Multi- Many Multi-racial, multi-user, multitasking Mono- One Monologue, monosyllable, monolingual Exercise: Explain these expressions, taking into account the prefixes and root words Eg: the binary system The binary system is a notation which uses two digits, 0 and 1. 1. a minicomputer 6. a bidimensional chessboard 2. a microcomputer 7. a tricycle 3. the decimal system 8. a monochrome computer 4. the hexadecimal system 9. a CPU with 64 MB of RAM 5. a multi-user configuration 10. a document of 3 kilobytes Translate the text into Vietnamese Did you know that . 1. bits can be used to code picture? 2. the information displayed on the computer screen corresponds, dot by dot, with bits held in the main memory? 3. On color system, if you have 8 bits per primary color, the palette of your computer can obtain 16.7 million colors? Bits for pictures Each tiny dot on the screen of a computer is called a picture element or pixel. Images and text are formed by combining a large number of pixels. In a bit-mapped display, the dots displayed on the screen correspond, pixel by pixel, with bits in the main memory of the computer. The bits are held in an area of the memory called the “refresh buffer” and are stored in groups that represent the horizontal and vertical position of the pixels on the screen and whether the pixels are on or off. On monochrome systems, one bit in this map represents one pixel on the screen and can be either “on” or “off” (black or white) 28
29. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Refresh buffer (memory) Display On color systems, each pixel is a certain combination of the three primary colors: red, green and blue. The total number of colors can be shown on the screen is called the color palette. The size of this palette depends on the graphic adaptor, a separate video card that converts the bits into visual signals. A graphics adaptor with 1 bit per primary color can general up to 8, or 23 colors, as you can see from the table on page 20. A graphic adaptor with 8 bits per primary color can generate 16.7 million or (23)8 colors. Color Red Green Blue Black 0 0 0 Blue 0 0 1 Green 0 1 0 Cyan 0 1 1 Red 1 0 0 Magenta 1 0 1 Yellow 1 1 0 white 1 1 1 One pit per primary color 3. Using the information in the passage and the illustrations, match the terms in the box with the appropriate explanation or definition Pixel bit bit-mapped display primary colors palette 1. The menu of colors available on a graphics system; its size depends on the hardware. 2. Red, green and blue in computers 3. The smallest element of a display surface 4. A display on the screen which corresponds, pixel by pixel, with bits stored in memory cells. 5. The acronym for “binary digit; one of the digits (0 and 1) used in binary notations. 29
30. UNIT 8: DATABASES The record holds 7 fields A database file stores information in fields grouped on records. Basic features of database programs With a database you can store, organize and retrieve a large collection of related information on computer. Let us look at some features and applications. Information is entered on a database via fields. Each field holds a separate piece of information, and the fields are collected together into records. For example, a record about an employee might consist of several fields which give their name, address, telephone number, age, salary and length of employment with the company. Records are grouped together into files which hold large amounts of information. Files can easily be updated: you can always change fields, add new records or delete old ones. With the right database software, you are able to keep track of stock, sales, market trends, orders, invoices and many more details that can make your company successful. Another feature of database programs is that you can automatically look up and find records containing particular information. You can also search on more than one field at a time. For example, if a managing director wanted to know all the customers that spend more than £7,000 per month, the program would search on the name field and the money field simultaneously. A computer database is much faster to consult and update than a card index system (a 30
31. manual filling system). It occupies a lot less space, and records can be automatically sorted into numerical or alphabetical order using any field. The best packages also include networking facilities, which add a new dimension of productivity to businesses. For example, managers of different departments can have direct access to a common database, which represents an enormous advantage. Thanks to security devices, you can share part of your files on a network and control who sees the information. Most aspects of the program can be protected by user-defined passwords. For example, if you wanted to share an employee's personal details, but not their commission, you could protect the commission field. In short, a database manager helps you control the data you have at home, in the library or in your business. Vocabulary Database cơ sở dữ liệu Collection thu thập Fields trường Records ghi lại/ bản ghi Files tập Updated cập nhật Keep track of theo dõi Search tìm kiếm Index system hệ thống chỉ mục Occupies thống trị, chiếm giữ Sorted sắp xếp Packages Khối phần mềm Facilities tiện ích, lợi ích Productivity năng suất Security an toàn, bảo mật Share chia sẻ Aspects khía cạnh Commission Hoa hồng I. Using the information in the text, complete these sentences 1. A database is used to 31
32. 2. Information is entered on a database via 3. Each field holds 4. “Updating” a file means 5. The advantages of a database program over a manual filling system are 6. Access to a common database can be protected by using II. Grammatical point Ways of reducing sentence 1) Transform a relative clause into an ing participle clause Eg: +) Icons are graphic images that present tasks . Icon are graphic images representing tasks +) The man who is standing there is my teacher The man standing there is my teacher 2) Transform a relative clause into an ed participle clause +) The pizza which is served in this restaurant is the most delicious one The pizza served in this restaurant is the most delicious one +) The information which is presented to the machine is the input The information presented to the machine is the input Exercise Indicate the following sentences are correct or incorrect. Rewrite them. 1. All other devices used in a computer system are attached to the CPU 2. The basic concepts of data processing are restricted to computers alone 3. The child is playing in the garden is my son. 4. Another feature of database programs is that you can automatically look up and find records containing particular information. 5. The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will be on next week’s exam. 6. In banking, computers store information about the amount of money held by each client. 7. ROM section is permanent and contains instruction needed by the processor 8. IT students are studying hard for their exams will do well III. Puzzle Complete the sentences by using a term from the list. Database field merging record sorted updated layout 32
33. 1. In order to personalize a standard letter, you can use “mail .”(a technique which consists of combining database with a document made with a word processor) 2. Records can be automatically into any order. 3. You can decide how many fields you want to have on a . 4. Files can easily be by adding new information or deleting the old one. 5. A .program can be used to store, organize and retrieve information of any kind. 6. The .of the records can be designed by the user. 7. Each piece of information is given in a separate 33
34. Unit 9: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Unfortunately, computers cannot understand ordinary spoken English or any other natural language. The only language they can understand directly is called machine code. This consists of the 1s and 0s (binary codes) that are processed by the CPU. However, machine code as a means of communication is very difficult to write. For this reason, we use symbolic languages that are easier to understand. Then, by using a special program, these languages can be translated into machine code. For example, the so- called assembly languages use abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, MPY to represent instructions. These mnemonic codes are like labels easily associated with the items to which they refer. Basic languages, where the program is similar to the machine code version, are known as low-level languages. In these languages, each instruction is equivalent to a single machine code instruction, and the program is converted into machine code by a special program called an assembler. These languages are still quite complex and restricted to particular machines. To make the programs easier to write and to overcome the problem of intercommunication between different types of machines, higher-level languages were designed such as BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN or Pascal. These are all problem-oriented rather than machine-oriented. Programs written in one of these languages (known as source programs) are converted into a lower level language by means of a compiler (generating the object program). On compilation, each statement in a high level language is generally translated into many machine code instructions. People communicate instructions to the computer in symbolic languages and the easier this communication can be made, the wider the application of computers will be. Scientists are already working on Artificial Intelligence and the next generation of computers may be able to understand human languages. Instructions are written in a high-level language (e.g: Pascal, BASIC, COBOL, Ada). This is known as the source language COMPILER Compilers translate the original code into a lower level language or machine code so that the CPU can understand it Instructions are compiled and packaged into a program. The software is ready to run on the computer 34
35. Vocabulary Symbolic thuộc về biểu tượng Translate biên dịch Items hạng mục Version phiên bản Low-level languages ngôn ngữ lập trình cấp thấp Converted chuyển đổi Assembly language Hợp ngữ Complex phức tạp High-level languages ngôn ngữ lập trình cấp cao Designed thiết kế Compiler chương trình biên dịch Human con người I. Read the text and answer the questions 1. Do computers understand human languages? 2. What are the differences between low-level language and high-level language? 3. What is an assembler? 4. What is the function of compliers? 5. What do you understand by the terms source language and object language? 6. In the future, could computers be programmed in Spanish, French or Japanese? II. Grammatical point: Infinitive 1) We use the infinitive to say about purpose - I am going to Holland to see the tulips I am going to Holland because I want to see the tulips Exercise: Identify “to” in the following sentences showing infinitive or not? Why? 1. Machine code as a means of communication is very difficult to write 2. The program of basic languages is similar to the machine code version 3. People communicate instructions to the computer in symbolic languages. 4. Managers of different departments can have direct access to a common database, which represents an enormous advantage 5. To represent these two conditions, we use binary notation in which 1 means ON and 0 means OFF 6. the ASCII code only uses 128 bytes to represent characters 35
36. 2) The infinitive is used after adjectives It is difficult to use machine code Same as: using machine code is difficult Exercise: write the following sentence with using the suggested words 1. Not easy/write instruction in Pascal 2. advisable/ test the program under different conditions 3. expensive/set up a data-processing area 4. unusual for a grogram/work correctly the first time it is tested 5. difficult for students/ learn FORTRAN 6. important/consider the capabilities of the programming language 7. quite easy/write instructions in BASIC III. Read the passage and complete it with verbs in brackets in the correct form A short description on BASIC BASIC is a general purpose high-level programming language, originally designed (1) (develop) .programs in conversational mode. The name BASIC (2) (stand) for Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. This language is (3) (find) .on most microcomputers because it (4) (be) .user-friendly and easy to learn. BASIC (5) (consist) .of two main parts: the source language statements- in instructions which form the program and the system commands which (6) (allow) . us to control and edit a program BASIC enables the user (7) (interact) with program while it is being (8) (execute) . Which means that data can be (9) (input) while the program is running. Each instruction is (10) (give) a line number which defines the logical sequences of statements within the program. Some well-known system commands in BASIC are: RUN, which executes a program (11) (hold) in a BASIC file; LIST, which consists a listing of a program on the screen; and DELETE, which (12) (remove) a program from a file. A large number of PC manufacturers adopted BASIC. At present, however, there (13) (be) .so many versions and extensions that programs written for one type of PC are not directly portable to another. 36
37. IV. Further reading Computer Date Characteristics Uses language COBOL 1958- 1959 Easy to read Mainly used for (Common Able to handle very large files business Business Written in English applications Oriented Language BASIC 1964-1965 High-level programming language General purpose (Beginner’s All Interactive language. purpose Easy to learn Used to teach Symbolic Displays error messages that help programming Instruction users to connect mistakes. Code) Has a large number of dialects LOGO 1969 Easy to learn Designed to use in Flexible- It can do maths, make schools to lists, construct graphs, encourage children Its drawing capacities allow to experiment with children to construct simple programming graphic programs Pascal (named 1970- 1973 Structured language with General purpose. after the famous algorithmic features designed for Often used in scientist fast execution of the object colleges and program universities to teach A fast compiler called programming. TurboPascal was created in 1982- very popular HTML 1990 HTML codes control the use of Used to create (HyperText fonts and images on the Web page hypertext documents Markup and specify the links to other that can be Language) internet sites. displayed on the HTML files are viewed with a web. client program called a “browser” 37
38. Unit 10: COMPUTER TOMORROW A. Match the data communication services on the left with the requirements on the right. Then read the passage and check your answers 1. fax a. To send a personnel message to a friend who 2. electronic mail (email) is at a different workstation. 3. Teletext b. To send a copy of paper document-for instance, a scientific article from Trento 4. Local Bulletin Board system (BBS) University to Cambridge University. 5. Commercial online service c. To access massive databases containing all kinds of information, or to be connected with an airline reservations service. d. To receive shareware and public domain programs from a user group e. To find out weather forecasts and sports information from the television. B. Reading What are 'telecommunications'? This term refers to the transmission of information over long distances using the telephone system, radio, TV satellite or computer links. Examples are two people speaking on the phone, a sales department sending a fax to a client or someone reading the teletext pages on TV. But in 38
39. the modern world, telecommunications mainly means transferring information from one PC to another via modem and phone lines (or fibre-optic cables). Modems Your PC is a digital device (it works with strings of 1s and 0s). However, the telephone system is an analogue device designed to transmit the sounds and tones of the human voice. That's why we need a modem - a bridge between digital and analogue signals. The word 'modem' is an abbreviation of MOdulator/DEModulator When a modem modulates, it sends very rapid on off pulses. The computer on the other end translates (demodulates) those signals into intelligible text or graphics. Modem transmission speeds are measured in kilobits per second. Typical speeds are 28.8, 33.6 and 56kbps What can you do with a modem? A modem is your computer's link to the external world. With a modem you can exchange email and files with friends and colleagues; you can access the Web and search for information about the stock market, current affairs, entertainment, etc.; you can participate in newsgroups and live conversations; you can make bank transactions and buy things from the comfort of your home. You can also access your office from your computer at home or your laptop in a hotel room. Today a lot of companies find it more efficient to have some employees doing their work at home. Using a modem, they transfer their work into the office where it is printed and distributed. The list of applications is endless. What do you need to telecommunicate? You just need a PC (or a terminal), a modem connected to the computer and the telephone line, and communication software. Once you have installed and configured your modern, you can communicate with people through bulletin boards and online services. Local bulletin boards Bulletin board systems (BBS) are frequently free because they are run by enthusiasts and sponsored by user groups or small businesses. The first time you make a BBS connection you are required to register your name, address, phone number and other information such as the kind of computer and modem you are using. The person who administers the BBS is called sysop (system operator). You can use a BBS to download artwork, games and programs, or you can participate in ongoing discussions. You can also 39
40. upload (send) programs, but make sure they are shareware or public domain programs. Online service providers To gain access to the Internet you must first open an account with an Internet service provider (ISP) or a commercial online service provider. Both offer Internet access, but the latter provides exclusive services. Vocabulary Transferring chuyển giao Fibre-optic cables cáp quang Modems modem Digital device thiết bị kỹ thuật số Analogue device thiết bị analogue (tương tự) Pulses xung Graphics đồ họa Speeds tốc độ Exchange trao đổi Excess Newsgroup Nhóm thông tin Transactions Giao dịch Terminal Bulletin board system hệ thống bản tin Online service provider Nhà cung ứng dịch vụ trực tuyế Account Tài khoản Commercial online service Dịch vụ trực tuyến thương mại Vocabulary Exercise Modem network online download newsgroup services account telephone 1. When you are connected to the Internet, you are described as being 2. To communicate via the Internet, you need a PC, a modem and a .line 3. To have access to the Internet you must first open an with an Internet service provider. 4. You need a to convert data into a form that can be transmitted over the phone lines 5. The public discussion area on the Internet are called . 6. You can use BBS to clip art, game and shareware to your PC 40
41. 7. The Internet is a global .of computer networks. Translate into Vietnamese Security and privacy on the Internet There are a lot of benefits from an open system like the Internet, but we are also exposed to hackers who break into computer systems just for fun, as well as to steal information or propagate viruses. So how do you go about making online transactions secure? Security on the Web The question of security is crucial when sending confidential information such as credit card numbers. For example, consider the process of buying a book on the Web. You have to type your credit card number into an order form which passes from computer to computer on its way to the online bookstore. If one of the intermediary computers is illustrated by hackers, your data can be copied. It is difficult to say how often this happens, but it's technically possible. To avoid risks, you should set all security alerts to high on your Web browser. Netscape Communicator and Internet Explorer display a lock when the Web page is secure and allow you to disable or delete 'cookies'. If you use online bank services, make sure your bank uses digital certificates. A popular security standard is SET (secure electronic transactions). E-mail privacy similarly, as your e-mail message travels across the net, it is copied temporarily on many computers in between. This means it can be read by unscrupulous people who illegally enter computer systems. The only way to protect a message is to put it in a sort of 'envelope', that is, to encode it with some form of encryption. A system designed to send e-mail privately is Pretty Good Privacy, a freeware program written by Phil Zimmerman. Network security Private networks connected to the Internet can be attacked by intruders who attempt to take valuable information such as Social Security numbers, bank accounts or research and business reports. To protect crucial data, companies hire security consultants who analyze the risks and provide security solutions. The most common methods of protection are passwords for access control, encryption and decryption systems, and firewalls. Virus protection 41
42. Viruses can enter a PC through files from disks, the Internet or bulletin board systems. If you want to protect your system, don't open e-mail attachments from strangers and take care when downloading files from the Web. (Plain text e-mail alone can't pass a virus.) Remember also to update your anti-virus software as often as possible, since new viruses are being created all the time. 42