Bài giảng Mạng máy tính cơ bản - Chương 7: Các công nghệ Ethernet Ethernet Technologies - Phan Vĩnh Thuần

Nội dung text: Bài giảng Mạng máy tính cơ bản - Chương 7: Các công nghệ Ethernet Ethernet Technologies - Phan Vĩnh Thuần

1. CHƯƠNG 7 CÁC CÔNG NGHỆ ETHERNET ETHERNET TECHNOLOGIES Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 1
2. Overview • Ethernet has been the most successful LAN technology largely because of its simplicity of implementation compared to other technologies. Ethernet has also been successful because it has been a flexible technology that has evolved to meet changing needs and media capabilities. This module introduces the specifics of the most important varieties of Ethernet. The goal is not to convey all the facts about each type of Ethernet, but rather to develop a sense of what is common to all forms of Ethernet. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 2
3. • Changes in Ethernet have resulted in major improvements over the 10-Mbps Ethernet of the early 1980s. The 10-Mbps Ethernet standard remained virtually unchanged until 1995 when IEEE announced a standard for a 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet. In recent years, an even more rapid growth in media speed has moved the transition from Fast Ethernet to Gigabit Ethernet. The standards for Gigabit Ethernet emerged in only three years. An even faster Ethernet version, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, is now widely available and still faster versions are being developed. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 3
4. • In these faster versions of Ethernet, MAC addressing, CSMA/CD, and the frame format have not been changed from earlier versions of Ethernet. However, other aspects of the MAC sublayer, physical layer, and medium have changed. Copper- based network interface card (NICs) capable of 10/100/1000 operation are now common. Gigabit switch and router ports are becoming the standard for wiring closets. Optical fiber to support Gigabit Ethernet is considered a standard for backbone cabling in most new installations. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 4
5. • Students completing this module should be able to: – Describe the differences and similarities among 10BASE5, 10BASE2, and 10BASE-T Ethernet. – Define Manchester encoding. – List the factors affecting Ethernet timing limits. – List 10BASE-T wiring parameters. – Describe the key characteristics and varieties of 100-Mbps Ethernet Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 5
6. – Describe the evolution of Ethernet. – Explain the MAC methods, frame formats, and transmission process of Gigabit Ethernet. – Describe the uses of specific media and encoding with Gigabit Ethernet. – Identify the pinouts and wiring typical to the various implementations of Gigabit Ethernet. – Describe the similarities and differences between Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet. – Describe the basic architectural considerations of Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 6
7. 7.1.10-Mbps and 100-Mbps Ethernet 7.1.1. 10Mbps Ethernet • 10BASE5, 10BASE2, and 10BASE-T Ethernet are considered Legacy Ethernet. The four common features of Legacy Ethernet are timing parameters, frame format, transmission process, and a basic design rule Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 7
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9. • 10BASE5, 10BASE2, and 10BASE-T all share the same timing parameters, as shown in the figure (1 bit time at 10 Mbps = 100 nsec = 0.1 µsec = 1 ten-millionth of a second.) Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 9
10. • 10BASE5, 10BASE2, and 10BASE-T also have a common frame format. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 10
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12. • The Legacy Ethernet transmission process is identical until the lower part of the OSI physical layer. The Layer 2 frame data is converted from hex to binary. As the frame passes from the MAC sublayer to the physical layer, further processes occur prior to the bits being placed from the physical layer onto the medium. One important process is the signal quality error (SQE) signal. SQE is always used in half-duplex. SQE can be used in full-duplex operation but is not required. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 12
13. • SQE is active: – Within 4 to 8 microseconds following a normal transmission to indicate that the outbound frame was successfully transmitted – Whenever there is a collision on the medium – Whenever there is an improper signal on the medium. Improper signals might include jabber, or reflections that result from a cable short. – Whenever a transmission has been interrupted Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 13
14. • All 10 Mbps forms of Ethernet take octets received from the MAC sublayer and perform a process called line encoding. Line encoding describes how the bits are actually signaled on the wire. The simplest encodings have undesirable timing and electrical characteristics. So line codes have been designed to have desirable transmission properties. This form of encoding used in 10 Mbps systems is called “Manchester.” Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 14
15. • Manchester encoding relies on the direction of the edge transition in the middle of the timing window to determine the binary value for that bit period. The top waveform has a falling edge, so it is interpreted as a binary 0. The second waveform shows a rising edge, which is interpreted as a binary 1. In the third waveform, there is an alternating binary sequence. With alternating binary data, there is no need to return to the previous voltage level. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 15
16. • As can be seen from the third and fourth wave forms in the graphic, the binary bit values are indicated by the direction of change during any given bit period. The waveform voltage levels at the beginning or end of any bit period are not factors when determining binary values. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 16
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18. • Legacy Ethernet has common architectural features. Networks usually contain multiple types of media. The standard ensures that interoperability is maintained. The overall architectural design is of the utmost importance when implementing a mixed- media network. It becomes easier to violate maximum delay limits as the network grows. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 18
19. • The timing limits are based on parameters such as: – Cable length and its propagation delay – Delay of repeaters – Delay of transceivers – Interframe gap shrinkage – Delays within the station Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 19
20. • 10-Mbps Ethernet operates within the timing limits offered by a series of not more than five segments separated by no more than four repeaters. This is known as the 5- 4-3 rule. No more than four repeaters may be connected in series between any two distant stations. There can also be no more than three populated segments between any two distant stations. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 20
21. 7.1.2. 10Base5 • The original 1980 Ethernet product 10BASE5 transmitted 10 Mbps over a single thick coaxial cable bus. 10BASE5 is important because it was the first medium used for Ethernet. 10BASE5 was part of the original 802.3 standard. The primary benefit of 10BASE5 was length. Today it may be found in legacy installations, but would not be recommended for new installations. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 21
22. • 10BASE5 systems are inexpensive and require no configuration, but basic components like NICs are very difficult to find as well as the fact that it is sensitive to signal reflections on the cable. 10BASE5 systems also represent a single point of failure. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 22
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24. • 10BASE5 uses Manchester encoding. It has a solid central conductor. Each of the maximum five segments of thick coax may be up to 500 m (1640.4 ft) in length. The cable is large, heavy, and difficult to install. However, the distance limitations were favorable and this prolonged its use in certain applications. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 24
25. • Because the medium is a single coaxial cable, only one station can transmit at a time or else a collision will occur. Therefore, 10BASE5 only runs in half- duplex resulting in a maximum of 10 Mbps of data transfer. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 25
26. 7.1.3. 10 BASE2 • 10BASE2 was introduced in 1985. Installation was easier because of its smaller size, lighter weight, and greater flexibility. It still exists in legacy networks. Like 10BASE5, it is not recommended for installations in networks today. It has a low cost and a lack of need for hubs. Again, NICs are also difficult to obtain for this medium. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 26
27. • 10BASE2 also uses Manchester encoding. Computers on the LAN were linked together by an unbroken series of coaxial cable lengths. These lengths were attached by BNC connectors to a T-shaped connector on the NIC. • 10BASE2 has a stranded central conductor. Each of the maximum five segments of thin coax may be up to 185 meters long and each station is connected directly to the BNC “T” connector on the coax. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 27
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29. • Only one station can transmit at a time or else a collision will occur. 10BASE2 also uses half-duplex. The maximum transmission rate of 10BASE2 is 10 Mbps. • There may be up to 30 stations on any individual 10BASE2 segment. Out of the five consecutive segments in series between any two distant stations, only three may have stations attached. ➢Interactive Media Activity Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 29
30. 7.1.4. 10BASE-T • 10BASE-T was introduced in 1990. 10BASE-T used cheaper and easier to install Category 3 unshielded twisted pair (UTP) copper cable rather than coax cable. The cable plugged into a central connection device that contained the shared bus. This device was a hub. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 30
31. • It was at the center of a set of cables that radiated out to the PCs like the spokes on a wheel. This is referred to as a star topology. The distances the cables could extend from the hub and the way in which the UTP was installed increasingly used stars made up of stars, referred to as an extended star topology. Originally 10BASE-T was a half-duplex protocol, but full-duplex features were added later. The explosion in the popularity of Ethernet in the mid-to-late 1990s was when Ethernet came to dominate LAN technology Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 31
32. • 10BASE-T also uses Manchester encoding. A 10BASE-T UTP cable has a solid conductor for each wire in the maximum 90 meter horizontal cable. UTP cable uses eight-pin RJ- 45 connectors. Though Category 3 cable is adequate for use on 10BASE-T networks, it is strongly recommended that any new cable installations be made with Category 5e or better. All four pairs of wires should be used either with the T568-A or T568-B cable pinout arrangement. With this type of cable installation, supports the use of multiple protocols without rewiring. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 32
33. • The figure shows the pinout arrangement for a 10BASE-T connection. The transmitting pair on the receiving side are connected to the receiving pair on the attached device. • Half duplex or full duplex is a configuration choice. 10BASE-T carries 10 Mbps of traffic in half-duplex mode and 20 Mbps in full-duplex mode. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 33
34. ➢Interactive Media Activity Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 34
35. 7.1.5. 10BASE-T wiring and architecture • 10BASE-T links generally consist of a connection between the station and a hub or switch. Hubs are multi-port repeaters and count toward the limit on repeaters between distant stations. Hubs do not divide network segments into separate collision domains. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 35
36. • Because hubs or repeaters merely extend the length of a network segment within a single collision domain, there is a limit on how many hubs may be used in that segment. Bridges and switches divide a segment into separate collision domains, only leaving the media limitations to determine the distance between the switches. 10BASE-T limits the distance between switches to 100 m (328 ft). Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 36
37. • Although hubs may be linked, it is best to avoid this arrangement. This is to prevent exceeding the limit for maximum delay between distant stations. When multiple hubs are required, it is best to arrange them in hierarchical order as to create a tree structure. Performance will be improved if fewer repeaters separate stations. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 37
38. • An architectural example is shown in the figure. All distances between stations are acceptable. However, the total distance from one end of the network to the other, places the architecture at its limit. The most important aspect to consider is how to keep the delay between distant stations to a minimum, regardless of the architecture and media types involved. A shorter maximum delay will provide better overall performance Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 38
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40. • 10BASE-T links can have unrepeated distances up to 100 m. While this may seem like a long distance, it is typically “used up” when wiring an actual building. Hubs can solve the distance issue but will allow collisions to propagate. The widespread introduction of switches has made the distance limitation less important. As long as workstations are located within 100 m of a switch, the 100 m distance starts over at the switch. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 40
41. 7.1.6. 100 Mbps Ethernet • 100-Mbps Ethernet is also known as Fast Ethernet. The two technologies that have become important are 100BASE-TX, which is a copper UTP medium and 100BASE- FX, which is a multimode optical fiber medium. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 41
42. • Three characteristics common to 100BASE-TX and 100BASE-FX are the timing parameters, the frame format, and parts of the transmission process. 100BASE-TX and 100-BASE-FX both share timing parameters. Note that one bit time in 100-Mbps Ethernet is 10nsec = .01 microseconds = 1 100-millionth of a second. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 42
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44. • The 100-Mbps frame format is the same as the 10-Mbps frame. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 44
45. • Fast Ethernet represents a 10-fold increase in speed over 10BASE-T. Because of the increase in speed, extra care must be taken because the bits being sent are getting shorter in duration and occurring more frequently. These higher frequency signals are more susceptible to noise. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 45
46. 7.1.7. 100BASE-TX • In 1995, 100BASE-TX was the standard, using Cat 5 UTP cable, which became commercially successful. • The original coaxial Ethernet used half-duplex transmission so only one device could transmit at a time. However, in 1997, Ethernet was expanded to include a full duplex capability that allowed more than one PC on a network to transmit at the same time. Switches increasingly replaced hubs. These switches had the capability of full duplex and rapid handling of Ethernet frames. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 46
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48. • 100BASE-TX uses 4B/5B encoding, which is then scrambled and converted to multi-level transmit-3 levels or MLT-3. In the example, the highlighted window shows four waveform examples. The top waveform has no transition in the center of the timing window. No transition indicates that a binary 0 is present. The second waveform shows a transition in the center of the timing window. A binary 1 is represented by a transition. The third waveform shows an alternating binary sequence. The absence of binary transition indicates a binary 0, and the presence of a transition indicates a binary 1. Rising or falling edges indicate 1s. Very steep signal changes indicate 1s. Any noticeable horizontal line in the signal indicates a 0. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 48
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50. • The figure shows the pinout for a 100BASE-TX connection. Notice that the two separate transmit-receive paths exist. This is identical to the 10BASE-T configuration. • 100BASE-TX carries 100 Mbps of traffic in half-duplex mode. In full-duplex mode, 100BASE-TX can exchange 200 Mbps of traffic. The concept of full duplex will become increasingly important as Ethernet speeds increase. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 50
51. 7.1.8. 100BASE-FX • At the time copper-based Fast Ethernet was introduced, a fiber version was also desired. A fiber vervsion could be used for backbone applications, connections between floors and buildings where copper is less desirable, and also in high noise environments. 100BASE-FX was introduced to satisfy this desire. However, 100BASE-FX was never adopted successfully. This was due to the timely introduction of Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 51
52. • Gigabit Ethernet copper and fiber standards. Gigabit Ethernet standards are now the dominant technology for backbone installations, high-speed cross-connects, and general infrastructure needs. • The timing, frame format, and transmission are all common to both versions of 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet. In the figure notice the highlighted waveform in the example. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 52
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54. • The top waveform has no transition, which indicates that a binary 0 is present. In the second waveform, a transition is in the center of the timing window. A binary 1 is represented by a transition. In the third waveform, there is an alternating binary sequence. In this example it is more obvious that no transition indicates a binary 0 and the presence of a transition is a binary 1. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 54
55. • The figure summarizes a 100BASE-FX link and pinouts. Fiber pair with either ST or SC connectors is most commonly used. 200 Mbps transmission is possible because of the separate Transmit and Receive paths in 100BASE-FX optical fiber. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 55
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57. 7.2. Gigabit and 10-Gigabit Ethernet 7.2.1. 1000-Mbps Ethernet • The 1000-Mbps Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet standards represent transmission using both fiber and copper media. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 57
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59. • 1000BASE-TX, 1000BASE-SX, and 1000BASE-LX use the same timing parameters, as shown in the figure. They use a 1 nanosecond (0.000000001 seconds) or 1 billionth of a second bit time. The Gigabit Ethernet frame has the same format as is used for 10 and 100-Mbps Ethernet. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 59
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61. • Depending on the implementation, Gigabit Ethernet may use different processes to convert frames to bits on the cable. The figure shows the Ethernet frame formats Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 61
62. • The differences between standard Ethernet, Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet occur at the physical layer. Due to the increased speeds of these newer standards, the shorter duration bit times require special considerations. Since the bits are introduced on the medium for a shorter duration and more often, timing is critical. This high-speed transmission requires frequencies closer to copper medium bandwidth limitations. This causes the bits to be more susceptible to noise on copper media. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 62
63. • These issues require Gigabit Ethernet to use two separate encoding steps. Data transmission is made more efficient by using codes to represent the binary bit stream. The encoded data provides synchronization, efficient usage of bandwidth, and improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) characteristics. • At the physical layer, the bit patterns from the MAC layer are converted into symbols. The symbols may also be control information such as start frame, end frame, medium idle conditions. The frame is coded into control symbols and data symbols to increase in network throughput. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 63
64. 7.2.2. 1000BASE-T • As Fast Ethernet was installed to increase bandwidth to workstations, this began to create bottlenecks upstream in the network. 1000BASE-T (IEEE 802.3ab) was developed to provide additional bandwidth to help alleviate these bottlenecks. It provided more "speed" for applications such as intra-building backbones, inter- switch links, server farms, and other wiring closet applications as well as connections for high-end workstations. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 64
65. • Fast Ethernet was designed to function over existing Cat 5 copper cable and this necessitated that cable would pass the Cat 5e test. Most installed Cat 5 cable can pass 5e certification if properly terminated. One of the most important attributes of the 1000BASE-T standard is that it be interoperable with 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 65
66. • Because Cat 5e cable can reliably carry up to 125 Mbps of traffic, getting 1000 Mbps (Gigabit) of bandwidth was a design challenge. The first step to accomplish 1000BASE-T is to use all four pairs of wires instead of the traditional two pairs of wires used by 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX. This is done using complex circuitry to allow full duplex transmissions on the same wire pair. This provides 250 Mbps per pair. With all four-wire pairs, this provides the desired 1000 Mbps. Since the information travels simultaneously across the four paths, the circuitry has to divide frames at the transmitter and reassemble them at the receiver. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 66
67. 7.2.3. 1000BASE-SX và LX • The IEEE 802.3 standard recommends that Gigabit Ethernet over fiber be the preferred backbone technology. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 67
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69. • The timing, frame format, and transmission are common to all versions of 1000 Mbps. Two signal-encoding schemes are defined at the physical layer Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 69
70. • 1000BASE-X uses 8B/10B encoding converted to non-return to zero (NRZ) line encoding. NRZ encoding relies on the signal level found in the timing window to determine the binary value for that bit period. • The NRZ signals are then pulsed into the fiber using either short-wavelength or long-wavelength light sources. The short-wavelength uses an 850 nm laser or LED source in multimode optical fiber (1000BASE-SX). It is the lower-cost of the options but has shorter distances. The long-wavelength 1310 nm laser source uses either single-mode or multimode optical fiber (1000BASE-LX). Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 70
71. • Laser sources used with single-mode fiber can achieve distances of up to 5000 meters. Because of the length of time to completely turn the LED or laser on and off each time, the light is pulsed using low and high power. A logic zero is represented by low power, and a logic one by high power. • The Media Access Control method treats the link as point-to-point. Since separate fibers are used for transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) the connection is inherently full duplex. Gigabit Ethernet permits only a single repeater between two stations. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 71
72. ➢Interactive Media Activity Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 72
73. 7.2.4. 10-Gigabit Ethernet • IEEE 802.3ae was adapted to include 10 Gbps full-duplex transmission over fiber optic cable. The basic similarities between 802.3ae and 802.3, the original Ethernet are remarkable. This 10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE) is evolving for not only LANs, but also MANs, and WANs. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 73
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75. • With the frame format and other Ethernet Layer 2 specifications compatible with previous standards, 10GbE can provide increased bandwidth needs that are interoperable with existing network infrastructure. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 75
76. • A major conceptual change for Ethernet is emerging with 10GbE. Ethernet is traditionally thought of as a LAN technology, but 10GbE physical layer standards allow both an extension in distance to 40 km over single- mode fiber and compatibility with synchronous optical network (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) networks. Operation at 40 km distance makes 10GbE a viable MAN technology. Compatibility with SONET/SDH networks operating up to OC-192 speeds (9.584640 Gbps) make 10GbE a viable WAN technology. 10GbE may also compete with ATM for certain applications Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 76
77. • To summarize, how does 10GbE compare to other varieties of Ethernet? – Frame format is the same, allowing interoperability between all varieties of legacy, fast, gigabit, and 10 Gigabit, with no reframing or protocol conversions. – Bit time is now 0.1 nanoseconds. All other time variables scale accordingly. – Since only full-duplex fiber connections are used, CSMA/CD is not necessary Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 77
78. – The IEEE 802.3 sublayers within OSI Layers 1 and 2 are mostly preserved, with a few additions to accommodate 40 km fiber links and interoperability with SONET/SDH technologies. – Flexible, efficient, reliable, relatively low cost end-to-end Ethernet networks become possible. – TCP/IP can run over LANs, MANs, and WANs with one Layer 2 Transport method. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 78
79. • The basic standard governing CSMA/CD is IEEE 802.3. An IEEE 802.3 supplement, entitled 802.3ae, governs the 10GbE family. As is typical for new technologies, a variety of implementations are being considered, including: – 10GBASE-SR – Intended for short distances over already-installed multimode fiber, supports a range between 26 m to 82 m Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 79
80. – 10GBASE-LX4 – Uses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), supports 240 m to 300 m over already-installed multimode fiber and 10 km over single- mode fiber – 10GBASE-LR and 10GBASE-ER – Support 10 km and 40 km over single- mode fiber – 10GBASE-SW, 10GBASE-LW, and 10GBASE-EW – Known collectively as 10GBASE-W are intended to work with OC-192 synchronous transport module Phan Vĩnh(STM) Thuần SONET/SDHComputer NetworkWAN equipment. 80
81. • The IEEE 802.3ae Task force and the 10-Gigabit Ethernet Alliance (10 GEA) are working to standardize these emerging technologies. • 10-Gbps Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ae) was standardized in June 2002. It is a full-duplex protocol that uses only optic fiber as a transmission medium. The maximum transmission distances depend on the type of fiber being used. When using single-mode fiber as the transmission medium, the maximum transmission distance is 40 kilometers (25 miles). Some discussions between IEEE members have begun that suggest the possibility of standards for 40, 80, and even 100-Gbps Ethernet. Phan Vĩnh Thuần Computer Network 81