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Bài giảng Kỹ thuật chung ô tô - Bài 5: Nhận dạng chủng loại động cơ đốt trong - Hoàng Thanh Xuân

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  1. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 42 __@__ Bài 5: 1+Ұ1'Ҥ1*&+Ӫ1*/2Ҥ,ĈӜ1*&ѪĈӔ77521* 7KͥLgian: 7h (LT: 2; TH: 5h) : : - . - . - : . LjPӝWORҥLÿӝQJFѫQKLӋWTXiWUuQKÿӕWFKi\QKLrQOLӋXÿѭӧFWKӵFKLӋQWUӵFWLӃSӣ NK{QJJLDQErQWURQJÿӝQJFѫVDXÿyFKX\ӇQKyDQKLrQOLӋXWKjQKQKLӋWQăQJYjWӯQKLӋW QăQJWKjQKFѫQăQJÿӇVLQKF{QJUӗLGүQÿӝQJÿӃQPi\F{QJWiF . 7KHRQKLrQOLӋXVӱGөQJ - ĈӝQJFѫ[ăQJÿӝQJFѫGQJQKLrQOLӋX[ăQJ - ĈӝQJFѫGLHVHOÿӝQJFѫGQJQKLrQOLӋXGLHVHO 7KHRSKѭѫQJSKiSWҥRKRjNKtYjÿӕWFKi\ - ĈӝQJFѫWҥRKRjNKtErQQJRjLOjORҥLÿӝQJFѫPjKӛQKӧSQKLrQOLӋXYjNK{QJ NKtÿѭӧFWҥRWKjQKӣErQQJRjL[\ODQKQKӡPӝWEӝSKұQFyFҩXWҥRÿһF ELӋW Eӝ FKӃ KRj NKt FDUEXDUHWWRU  VDX ÿy ÿѭӧF ÿѭD YjR [\ODQK Yj ÿѭӧF ÿӕW FKi\ ӣ ÿk\ EҵQJWLDOӱDÿLӋQ ÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJGQJEӝFKӃKRjNKt  - ĈӝQJ Fѫ WҥR KRj NKt ErQ WURQJ Oj ORҥL ÿӝQJ Fѫ Pj KӛQ KӧS KѫL QKLrQ OLӋX Yj NK{QJNKtÿѭӧFWҥRWKjQKӣErQWURQJ[\ODQKQKӡPӝWEӝSKұQFyFҩXWҥRÿһFELӋW EѫPFDRiSYjYzLSKXQ YjKӛQKӧSQj\WӵEӕFFKi\GRKӛQKӧSEӏQpQӣQKLӋW ÿӝFDR ÿӝQJFѫGLHVHO  7KHRVӕNǤWKӵFKLӋQPӝWFKXWUuQKF{QJWiF - ĈӝQJFѫEӕQNǤ VWURNHV &KXNǤOjPYLӋFÿѭӧFKRjQWKjQKVDXEӕQKjQKWUuQK FӫDSLVWRQKRһFKDLYzQJTXD\FӫDWUөFNKXӹX - ĈӝQJFѫKDLNǤ VWURNHV &KXNǤOjPYLӋFÿѭӧFKRjQWKjQKVDXKDLKjQKWUuQK FӫDSLVWRQKRһFPӝWYzQJTXD\FӫDWUөFNKXӹX 7KHRTXiWUuQKFҩSQKLӋWYjWӹVӕQpQ )
  2. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 43 - ĈӝQJ Fѫ OjP YLӋF WKHR TXi WUình F̭S QKL͏W ÿ̻QJ WtFK ORҥL Qj\ EDR JӗP QKӳQJ ÿӝQJFѫFyWӹVӕQpQWKҩS · QKѭÿӝQJFѫVӱGөQJ[ăQJQKLrQOLӋXFӗQ và khí. - ĈӝQJFѫOjPYLӋFWKHRTXiWUuQKF̭SQKL͏Wÿ̻QJiSORҥLQj\EDRJӗPQKӳQJÿӝQJ FѫFyWӹVӕQpQFDR · QKѭÿӝQJFѫSKXQQKLrQOLӋXEҵQJNK{QJNKt QpQYjWӵEӕFFKi\ÿӝQJFѫVӱGөQJEӝWWKDQ - ĈӝQJFѫOjPYLӋFWKHRTXiWUuQKFҩSQKLӋWKӛQKӧSORҥLQj\EDRJӗPQKӳQJÿӝQJ FѫFyWӹVӕQpQFDR · QKѭÿӝQJFѫGLHVHO 7KHRSKѭѫQJSKiSQҥS - 1JѭӡLWDSKkQORҥLNKtQҥSFyÿѭӧFQpQWUѭӟFNKLQҥSKD\NK{QJWѭѫQJÿѭѫQJYӟL ORҥL, ÿROjÿӝQJFѫWăQJiSYjÿӝQJFѫNK{QJWăQJiS 7KHRWӹVӕ6' - ĈӝQJFѫFyKjQKWUuQKQJҳQNKL S / D 1 - ĈӝQJFѫFyKjQKWUuQKvuông khi: S / D = 1 7KHRVӕOѭӧQJ xi lanh YjFiFKEӕWUt[\ODQK 6͙O˱ͫQJ[\ODQKĈӝQJFѫPӝW[\ODQKYjÿӝQJFѫQKLӅX[\ODQK ÿӝQJFѫ 4, 6, 8 xylanh), ÿӝQJFѫ VR_DOHC (6 hay 8 xy lanh). 7ăQJVӕ[LODQKOjPӝWWURQJELӋQSKiS WăQJF{QJVXҩWFyWtQKNLQKWӃ QJj\QD\ÿӝQJFѫQKLӅX[LODQKQKҩWFyÿӃQ[LODQK  - &iFKE͙WUt[\ODQKÿӝQJFѫFy[\ODQKÿһWWKҷQJÿӭQJÿһWQJKLrQJYjQҵPQJDQJ ĈӝQJFѫER[HU KD\[\ODQK . Hình 44. 6ѫÿӗNӃWFҩXxi lanh ÿӝQJFѫ ÿһWQҵPÿӝQJFѫ (Boxer).
  3. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 44 7KHRVӕKjQJ[\ODQK ĈӝQJFѫKjQJ xi lanhÿӝQJFѫFKӳ9, H, (W- 3, 8, 12 hay 16 xy lanh) YjÿӝQJFѫ hình sao. ĈӇWăQJF{QJVXҩWÿӝQJFѫQJѭӡLWDWăQJVӕ[LODQKQKѭQJVӕ[LODQKWUrQPӝW KjQJNK{QJTXiÿӝQJFѫ FyQKLӅXKàng xi lanh, gӗPFyFiFORҥLVDX a. ĈӝQJFѫPӝWKjQJ[LODQK, ÿӝQJFѫWKҷQJKjQJ KD\[\ODQK /RҥL Qj\ Fy ÿѭӡQJ WkP [L ODQK ÿӅX QҵP WURQJ PһW SKҷQJ FKӭD ÿѭӡQJ WkP WUөF NKXӹXKRһFVRQJVRQJYӟLÿѭӡQJWkPWUөFNKXӹX ĈӝQJFѫFyFѫFҩXNKXӹXWUөF%LHOOH OӋFKWkP +uQK.ӃWFҩXÿӝQJFѫKjQJ[LODQK b. ĈӝQJFѫKjQJ[LODQK ĈӝQJFѫFKӳV (2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 hay 16 xy lanh) ĈӝQJFѫQj\ÿѭӧFVӱGөQJQKLӅXWUrQ{W{Yj[HWăQJ OjPPiWEҵQJQѭӟF JyFJLӳD 0 0 0 0 KjQJWKѭӡQJ , 60 , 90 , 135 0һWPi\ Xi lanh 7KDQKWUX\ӅQ Hình .ӃWFҩXÿӝQJFѫxi lanh FKӳ9
  4. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 45 c. ĈӝQJFѫKjQJ[LODQKKuQKVDR WKѭӡQJVӱGөQJWUrQPi\ED\  ĈӝQJ Fѫ KuQK VDR ÿѭӡQJ WkP [L ODQK QҵP WURQJ FiF PһW SKҷQJ WKҷQJ JyF YӟL ÿѭӡQJWkPWUөFNKXӹX[LODQKVҳS[ӃSWKHRKuQKVDRFiQKPӛLFiFKOjPӝW KjQJ[LODQKPӛLKjQJ[LODQKNK{QJTXiVӕFiQKNK{QJTXi Hình 476ѫÿӗNӃWFҩXÿӝQJFѫxi lanh hình sao 5 cánh. 7KHRVӕWUөFNKXӹX ĈӝQJFѫPӝWKDLKRһFEDWUөFNKXӹXWKұPFKtFyÿӝQJFѫNK{QJFyWUөFNKXӹX QKѭ ÿӝQJ Fѫ SLVWRQ TXD\- Wallkel). 1JRjL UD Fy WKӇ SKkQ ORҥL ÿӝQJ Fѫ WKHR F{QJ GөQJ SKѭѫQJSKiS OjPPiWYjGXQJWtFKOjPYLӋF a. ĈӝQJFѫSLVWRQTXD\WUzQ WLӃQJ$QKradial engine) (5, 6, 7, 8, 9 hay 12 xy lanh) Piston Xi lanh Hình 48ĈӝQJFѫNK{QJFyÿLӇPFKӃW ÿӝQJFѫ:DQNHOSLVWRQTXD\ 
  5. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 46 b. ĈӝQJFѫFyPӝWWUөF NKXӹX (hình 44, 45, 46, 47). /RҥLQj\FKLӃPÿDVӕYjÿѭӧFVӱGөQJQKLӅXWURQJQJjQKJLDRWK{QJYұQWҧLF{QJ QJKLӋSYjQ{QJQJKLӋS c. ĈӝQJFѫFyWUөFNKXӹX, SLVWRQÿӕLÿӍQK WLӃQJ$QKopposed piston engine) 7KѭӡQJGQJFKRÿӝQJFѫNǤĈӇÿҧPEҧRWtQKÿӗQJWӕFGQJEiQKUăQJWUXQJ JLDQÿӇOLrQNӃWWUөFNKXӹXÿӝQJFѫYӟLQKDX Hình 49.ӃWFҩXÿӝQJFѫKDLWUөF NKXӹX 1. LQWDNHFKRQKLrQOLӋXKӛQKӧSNhông khí; 2. Cánh tubin; 3. airbR[ÿӇÿӋPYjSKkQSKӕLKӛQKӧS4. 9DQFKҩWWKҧLÿӇKҥQFKӃiSOӵFFҩSÿӝ 5.7kPFKӕWNKXӹX; 7. Cylinder và EXӗQJÿӕWFKXQJ9. NѭӟFOjPPiWiR[LODQK 10. Bugi.
  6. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 47 d. ĈӝQJFѫFyWUөFNKXӹX Hình 50.ӃWFҩXÿӝQJFѫFyEDWUөFNKXӹX 3KkQWKHRWӕFÿӝÿӝQJ Fѫ WӕFÿӝWUѭӧWWUXQJEuQKFӫDSLVWRQ Ta có công thӭc: Cm = (m/s). Cm: 7ӕFÿӝWUѭӧWWUXQJEuQKFӫDSLVWRQ S: Hành trình piston (mm). n6ӕYzQJTXD\WUөFNKXӹX YJSK  - Cm · PV ĈӝQJFѫWӕFÿӝWKҩS - Cm · PV ĈӝQJFѫWӕFÿӝWUXQJEuQK - Cm · PV ĈӝQJFѫWӕFÿӝFDR - Cm PVĈӝQJFѫVLrXFDRWӕF
  7. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 48 &ăQ Fӭ YjR QJX\rQ Oê KRҥW ÿӝQJ Fy WKӇ FKLD ÿӝQJ Fѫ ÿӕW WURQJ WKjQK FiF ORҥL ÿһF WUѭQJYjWKjQKOұSEҧQJQKѭsau. %ҧQJ3KkQORҥLWәQJTXiWÿӝQJFѫÿӕWWURQJ 7LrXFKtSKkQORҥL 3KkQORҥL - ĈӝQJFѫFKҥ\EҵQJQKLrQOLӋXOӓQJGӉED\KѫLQKѭ [ăQJDOFRKROEHQ]ROYY /RҥLQKLrQOLӋX - ĈӝQJFѫFKҥ\EҵQJQKLrQOLӋXOӓQJNKyED\KѫLQKѭ gas oil, mazout, v.v. - ĈӝQJFѫFKҥ\EҵQJNKtÿӕW - ĈӝQJFѫSKiWKRҧEҵQJWLDOӱD 3KѭѫQJSKiSSKiWKRҧ - ĈӝQJFѫGLHVHO QKLrQOLӋX - ĈӝQJFѫVHPLGLHVHO &iFKWKӭFWKӵFKLӋQFKX - ĈӝQJFѫNǤ trình công tác - ĈӝQJFѫNǤ 3KѭѫQJSKiSQҥSNKtPӟL - ĈӝQJFѫNK{QJWăQJiS vào không gian công tác - ĈӝQJFѫWăQJiS - ĈӝQJFѫPӝWKjQJ[\ODQKÿӝQJFѫKuQKVDRKuQK ĈһFÿLӇPNӃWFҩX FKӳ9:+ - ĈӝQJFѫFy[\ODQKWKҷQJÿӭQJQJDQJQJKLrQJ - ĈӝQJFѫWKҩSWӕFWUXQJWӕFYjFDRWӕF 7KHRWtQKQăQJ - ĈӝQJFѫF{QJVXҩWQKӓWUXQJEuQKYjOӟQ - ĈӝQJFѫ[HFѫJLӟLÿѭӡQJEӝ - ĈӝQJFѫWKXӹ 7KHRF{QJGөQJ - ĈӝQJFѫPi\ED\ - ĈӝQJFѫWƭQKWҥL 3KѭѫQJSKiSKuQKWKjQK - ĈӝQJFѫ[ăQJ KuQKWKjQKKzDNKtErQQJRjL NKtKӛQKӧS - ĈӝQJFѫGLHVHO KuQKWKjQKKzDkhí bên trong) . ¾ . ƒ &˯F̭XWUͭFNKXͽX - WKDQKWUX\͉Q NhiӋm vө nhóm trөc khuӹu. - Trөc khuӹu nhұn lӵc tác dөng tӯ piston tҥo mômen kéo các máy công tác và nhұn QăQJOѭӧng cӫDEiQKÿjVDXÿyWUX\Ӆn cho thanh truyӅn và piston ÿӇ thӵc hiӋn các
  8. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 49 quá trình làm viӋc còn lҥi cӫDÿӝQJFѫ - DүQÿӝQJFiFFѫFҩXNKiFQKѭWUөFFDPEѫPQѭӟFEѫPQKӟWPi\SKiWÿLӋn, Pi\QpQÿLӅu hoà không khí Hình 52. Nhóm piston ± thanh truyӅn ± trөc khuӹu ± EiQKÿj NhiӋm vө piston. - Cùng vӟi nҳp máy và xylanh tҥo thành buӗng cháy. - TruyӅn lӵc cӫa khí thӇ cho thanh truyӅQFNJQJQKѭQKұn lӵc cӫa thanh truyӅQÿӇ nén khí. - Thu nhiӋt cӫa khí cháy truyӅn qua xylanh. - Ĉӕi vӟLÿӝQJFѫNǤ không có xupap thì piston có tác dөQJQKѭYDQWUѭӧt làm nhiӋm vө phӕLNKt ÿyQJPӣ cӱa nҥp và cӱa thҧi ). NhiӋm vө nhóm thanh truyӅn. - BiӃn chuyӇQ ÿӝng tӏnh tiӃn cӫa piston thành chuyӇQ ÿӝng quay tròn cӫa trөc khuӹu. - Nhұn lӵc cӫa piston biӃn thành mômen cӫa trөc khuӹu. - 1Jѭӧc lҥi nhұn lӵc quán tính quay tròn cӫa trөc khuӹu truyӅn chuyӇQÿӝng cho SLVWRQÿӇ thӵc hiӋn các quá trình công tác tiӃp theo.
  9. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 50 Hình 53.ӃWFҩXnhóm piston ± WKDQKWUX\ӅQ. 1. ;pFPăQJKѫL2. ;pFPăQJGҫu; 3. Piston; 4. Vòng hãm 5. Chӕt; 6. Bҥc; 7. Thanh chuyӅn (Tay biên); 8. Bu lông biên 9. Bҥc gӕLÿӥ (Bҥc biên); 10. Nҳp; 11. Tҩm hãm ƒ &˯F̭XSKkQSK͙LNKt NhiӋm vө. &ѫFҩu phӕLNKtGQJÿӇ thӵc hiӋn quá trìQKWKD\ÿәi môi chҩt, nó bao gӗm thҧi sҥch khí cháy ra khӓi xylanh ӣ chu trình tUѭӟc và nҥSÿҫy hӛn hӧp môi chҩt mӟi vào xylanh theo quá trình làm viӋc cӫDÿӝQJFѫWKHRÿ~QJWKӭ tӵ công tác. Yêu cҫu. - ĈyQJPӣ xupap phҧLÿ~QJWKӡLJLDQTX\ÿӏQKYjÿҧm bҧRÿӝ kín khít. - Ĉӝ mӣ phҧLÿӫ lӟQÿӇ dòQJNKtOѭXWK{QJ - Làm viӋc phҧi êm dӏu, tuәi thӑ Yjÿӝ tin cұy cao. - Thuұn tiӋn trong viӋc sӱa chӳa, giá thành thҩp.
  10. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 51
  11. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 52 Hình 54. KӃt cҩu các chi tiӃWWURQJFѫFҩu phân phӕi khí. ¾ . ƒ +ӋWKӕQJFXQJFҩSQKLrQOLӋX. ƒ +ӋWKӕQJOjPPiW ƒ +ӋWKӕQJE{LWUѫQ ƒ +ӋWKӕQJÿiQKOӱD ÿӝQJFѫVӱGөQJQKLrQOLӋX[ăQJ  ƒ +ӋWKӕQJNKӣLÿӝQJ ƒ +ӋWKӕQJQҥSYjFXQJFҩSÿLӋQ . ¾ . 9ӏWUtÿѭӧFJӑLOjÿLӇPFKӃWNKLWҥLÿyFyOӵFEҩWNǤWiFGөQJOrQSLVWRQWKHRKѭӟQJ GӑFFӫDÿѭӡQJWkP[LODQKVӁNK{QJWҥRUDFKX\ӇQÿӝQJTXD\FӫDWUөFNKXӹX9ӏWUtNKyD FKӃWFӫDFѫFҩX = 00 và = 1800). ĈLӇPFKӃWWUrQ Ĉ&7 VӏWUtFӫDSLVWRQWURQJ[LODQKPjWҥLÿySLVWRQ[DWkPEiQNtQKTXD\QKҩW = 00. ĈLӇPFKӃWGѭӟL Ĉ&' 9ӏWUtFӫDSLVWRQWURQJ[LODQKPjWҥLÿySLVWRQJҫQWkPEiQNtQKTXD\QKҩW = 1800
  12. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 53 ¾ (S). .KRҧQJFiFKPjSLVWRQFKҥ\WӯYӏWUtJLӟLKҥQĈ&7[XӕQJÿӃQĈ&' S = 2R. (R ± %iQNtQKTXD\FӫDWUөFNKXӹX  Hình 55. Các WKXұWQJӳ FѫEҧQFӫDÿӝQJFѫ Ĉѭӡng kính xylanh; 2. Hành trình piston; ĈLӇm chӃt trên; ĈLӇm chӃWGѭӟi. ¾ (Vc ). 7KӇWtFK[LODQKNKLSLVWRQQҵPӣĈ&7 *LӟLKҥQEӣLÿӍQKSLVWRQYjQҳSPһWPi\  Hình 56. &iFWKXұWQJӳ YӅWKӇWtFK. ¾ 7K͋ (Vh ). /jWKӇWtFK[LODQKWѭѫQJӭQJYӟLKjQKWUuQKFӫD6FӫDSLVWRQYjÿѭӧFWtQKQKѭVDX 3 Vh = (dm ) lít 7URQJÿy'ĈѭӡQJNtQK[LODQK PP  S: Hành trình piston (mm).
  13. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 54 ¾ (Va ) 7KӇWtFK[LODQKNKLSLVWRQQҵPӣĈ&' *LӟLKҥQEӣLÿӍQKSLVWRQYjPһWPi\  Va = Vh + Vc ¾ . Là WәQJWKӇWtFKcác xi lanh FӫDÿӝQJ FѫQKLӅX[LODQKWѭѫQJӭQJYӟLKjQKWUuQKS FӫDSLVWRQYjÿѭӧFWtQKQKѭVDX. 3 Vh = . (dm ) lít 7URQJÿy'ĈѭӡQJNtQK[LODQK Pm). S: Hành trình piston (mm). L6ӕ[LODQK 7KӇWtFKF{QJWiFFӫDÿӝQJFѫOjWәQJWKӇWtFKF{QJWiFFӫDFiF[LODQKWURQJÿӝQJFѫ ĈӕLYӟLÿӝQJFѫFӥQKӓGѭӟLOít, tKӇWtFKF{QJWiFWKѭӡQJÿѭӧFWtQKWKHRFP3 (YjWKѭӡQJ JӑLOjFF &zQÿӝQJFѫOӟQWKuWKӇWtFKF{QJWiFWtQKWKHROtW9tGөĈӝQJFѫ[H7R\RWD &DPU\FyWәQJWKӇWtFKF{QJWiFFӫDFiF[LODQKOjO ¾ (Quá trình công tác). /j PӝWSKҫQFӫD chu trình công tác [ҧ\ UDWURQJWKӡLJLDQSLVWRQGӏFKFKX\ӇQ PӝW hành trình. ¾ Chu trình công tác (CTCT). 7әQJFӝQJWҩWFҧFiFTXiWUuQKF{QJWiFGLӉQUDWURQJNKRҧQJWKӡLJLDQWѭѫQJӭQJYӟL P͡WO̯QVLQKF{ng ӣPӝW[\ODQK ¾ 0{LFKҩWF{QJWiF 0&&7 . &KҩW Fy YDL WUz WUXQJ JLDQ WURQJ TXi WUuQK ELӃQ ÿәL QKLӋW QăQJ WKjQK Fѫ QăQJ Ӣ QKӳQJJLDLÿRҥQNKiFQKDXFӫDFKXWUuQKF{QJWiF0&&7FyWKjQKSKҫQWUҥQJWKiLNKiF QKDXYjÿѭӧFJӑLEҵQJQKӳQJWrQNKiFQKDXQKѭNKtPӟLVҧQSKҭPFKi\NKtWKҧLNKt VyWKӛQKӧSFKi\KӛQKӧSNKtF{QJWiF ¾ .KtPӟL- (FzQJӑLOjkKtQҥS  .KtÿѭӧFQҥSYjRNK{QJJLDQF{QJWiFFӫD[\ODQKTXDFӱDQҥSӣÿӝQJFѫGLHVHONKt PӟLOjNK{QJNKtӣÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJNKtPӟLOjKӛQKӧSNK{QJNKt[ăQJ ¾ 6ҧQSKҭPFKi\. 1KӳQJFKҩWÿѭӧFWҥRWKjQKWURQJTXiWUuQKÿӕWFKi\QKLrQOLӋXWURQJNK{QJJLDQF{QJ WiFFӫD[\ODQKYtGө&22, H2O, CO, SO212[YY« ¾ .KtWKҧL
  14. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 55 +ӛQKӧSFiFFKҩWÿѭӧFWKҧLUDNKӓLNK{QJJLDQF{QJWiFFӫD[\ODQKVDXNKLÿmJLmQ QӣÿӇVLQKUDFѫQăQJ.KtWKҧLFӫDÿӝQJFѫÿӕWWURQJJӗPFyVҧQSKҭPFKi\QLWѫ 12) và oxy (O2 FzQGѭ ¾ Khí sót. 3KҫQVҧQSKҭPFKi\FzQVyWOҥLWURQJNK{QJJLDQF{QJWiFFӫD[\ODQKVDXNKLFѫFҩX [ҧÿmÿyQJKRjQWRjQ . ¾ /jWӹVӕJLӳDWKӇWtFKWRjQSKҫQ9a YjWKӇWtFKEXӗQJFKi\9c . NK{QJFyWKӭ nguyên). = = . Tӹ sӕ nén chӍ rõ rҵng thӇ tích xi lanh phía trên piston bӏ giҧm bao nhiêu lҫn, tӭc là bӏ ép nhӓ bao nhiêu lҫQNKLSLVWRQÿLWӯ Ĉ&'OrQÿӃQĈ&77URQJTXiWUuQKÿӝQJFѫKRҥW ÿӝQJWӹ VӕQpQ Jk\ҧQKKѭӣQJOӟQWӟLFiFWK{QJVӕFӫDFKXWUuQKÿһFELӋWWӟLFKҩW OѭӧQJTXiWUuQKFKi\JLmQQӣYjKLӋXVXҩWFӫDÿӝQJFѫF{QJVXҩWFNJQJQKѭKLӋXVXҩWFӫD ÿӝQJFѫ9uYұ\WӹVӕQpQFyPӝWYӏWUtTXDQWUӑQJWURQJQJX\rQOêOjPYLӋFFӫDÿӝQJFѫ 7ӹVӕQpQW\WKXӝFYjRORҥLÿӝQJFѫYjWKѭӡQJFyWUӏVӕQKѭVDX - ĈӝQJFѫ[ăQJ: = 3,5 ÷ 11. 7K̵PFKtKL͏QQD\Fyÿ͡QJF˯ = 11,5 ÷ 12,5. - ĈӝQJFѫGLHVHO: = 13 ÷ 22. ¾ (&{QJVX̭WWtnh toán Ni ). Hình 57ĈӗWKӏP{WҧiSVXҩWWUXQJbình pi. .KLKRҥWÿӝQJSKtDWUrQSLVWRQOX{QFyiSVXҩWWX\ӋWÿӕL p FӫDP{LFKҩWWURQJ[L ODQKÿҭ\SLVWRQ[XӕQJYjiSVXҩWNKtWKӇErQGѭӟLFDFWHÿҭ\SLVWRQÿLOrQ3KҫQOӟQÿӝQJ FѫÿӕWWURQJFacWHÿѭӧFQӕLWK{QJYӟLiSVXҩWNKtWUӡLKRһFYӟLÿѭӡQJQҥSTXDKӋWKӕQJ
  15. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 56 thông gió cacWHYuYұ\FRLiSVXҩWNKtWUong cacWHNK{QJÿәLYjEҵQJiSVXҩWNKtWUӡL30. +ӧSOӵFGRNKtWKӇWӯKDLSKtD WUrQYjGѭӟL ÿҭ\SLVWRQWURQJ[LODQKVӁOj. Fp = (p ± p0). . 'ĈѭӡQJNtQK[LODQK P  7UrQÿӗWKӏS±YQӃXWXQJÿӝPp FyÿѫQYӏOj 0Pa/mm) YjKRjQKÿӝPv FyÿѫQYӏOj (m3PP WKuF{QJFKӍWKӏFӫDFKXWUuQKOj. Li = f.mp.mv (MN.m). Li ± Là F{QJG˱˯QJ WUrQÿ͛WK͓S-v FӫDFKXWUuQKQKLӋWÿӝQJFӫDÿӝQJFѫ ÿѭӧF [iFÿӏQKWUrQÿӗWKӏF{QJ f )  OjGLӋQWtFKWUrQÿӗWKӏF{QJGRÿѭӡQJQpQDFYjÿѭӡQJFKi\± GmQQӣF]E WҥRWKjQK, I I DF]ED YjF{QJFKӍWKӏVӁEҵQJ Li = Lczb ± Lac (N.m) Pi = = 2 Pi ± ÈSVXҩWFKӍWKӏWUXQJEuQK (N/m 3D OjF{QJFKӍWKӏWtQKFKRPӝWÿѫQYӏ WKӇWtFKF{QJWiFFӫD[LODQK &{QJVX̭WFK͑WK͓ FӫDÿӝQJFѫFKtQKOjdo FiFF{QJFKӍWKӏ/i FӫDFiF[LODQKWҥRUD trong mӝWJLk\1ӃXLOjVӕ[LODQKFӫDÿӝQJFѫWDVӁ[iFÿӏQKÿѭӧFF{QJVXҩWFKӍWKӏ1i FӫDÿӝQJFѫTXDÿӗWKӏF{QJS± v QKѭ sau: Ni = (kw) 3 - Vh ± 7KӇWtFKF{QJWiFFӫD[LODQK (m ) - i ± 6ӕ[LODQK - n ± 6ӕYzQJTXD\FӫDWUөFNKXӹXWURQJPӝWJLk\ - - 6ӕNǤFӫDPӝWFKXWUuQK VӕKjQKWUuQKSLVWRQWURQJFKXWUuQK  +LӋQQD\JLiWUӏ3i QҵPWURQJNKRҧQJJLiWUӏVDX ĈӝQJFѫNK{QJWăQJiS Pi = 0,7 ÷ 1,2 Pa. ĈӝQJFѫWăQJiSFyWKӇÿҥW3i = KRһFOӟQKѫQ. ¾ (Ne ) /jF{QJVXҩWFytFKFӫDÿӝQJFѫÿѭӧFSKiWUDWҥLÿX{LWUөFNKXӹXÿӇWӯÿyWUX\ӅQ QăQJOѭӧQJWӟLPi\F{QJWiF O\KӧSUӗLWӟLKӝSVӕ &{QJVXҩWFytFKQKӓKѫQF{QJVXҩW FKӍWKӏ1i Ne = (kW). Pe ± ÈSVXҩWFytFKWUXQJEuQK (MPa); Vh ± 7KӇWtFKF{QJWiF[LODQKWtQKOtW O
  16. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 57 Pe = Pi . m. (Pa KRһF03a). n ± 6ӕYzQJTXD\WUөFNKXӹXWtQKEҵQJYzQJSK~W m ± +LӋXVXҩWFѫJLӟL +LӋXVXҩWFѫJLӟLFӫDFiFORҥLÿӝQJFѫÿӕWWURQJKLӋQQD\ QҵPWURQJNKRҧQJ m = 0,63 ÷ 0,93 YjÿѭӧF[iFÿӏQK m = = ¾ Mômen [RҳQ: Là QJүXOӵFWiFGөQJOrQWUөFWKHRJyF0 OӵF[RҳQWiFGөQJOrQWUөFnhân YӟL NKRҧQJFiFKWӯWkPWUөFÿӃQÿLӇPÿһWFӫDOӵF ĈѫQYӏÿRÿҥLOѭӧQJQj\ OE± ft) hay (N.m). 0{PHQ[RҳQÿѭӧF[iFÿӏQKWUrQEăQJWKӱӣÿҫXUDWUөFNKXӹX Me = = 9,55. (N.m) Ne ± &{QJVXҩWFytFK :  n ± 6ӕYzQJTXD\ÿӝQJFѫ YzQJSK~W  7KD\JLiWUӏFӫD1e YjRF{QJWKӭFWD[iFÿLQKÿѭӧF. pe = ¾ (Nm ) /jF{QJVXҩWGQJÿӇNKҳFSKөFPӑLOӵFFҧQWURQJQӝLEӝÿӝQJFѫNKLKRҥWÿӝQJ EDRJӗP - Công tiêu hao FKRPDViWJLӳDFiFEӅPһWFӫDFiFFһSFKLWLӃWFKX\ӇQÿӝQJ WѭѫQJÿӕL - &{QJGүQÿӝQJEѫPQѭӟFEѫPGҫXEѫPQKLrQOLӋXTXҥWJLyPi\QpQ«ĈӇ ÿҧPEҧRFKRcác KӋWKӕQJSKөKRҥWÿӝQJEuQKWKѭӡQJ - &{QJGүQÿӝQJFѫFҩXSKkQSKӕLNKt WUөFFDP  - 7әQWKҩWFKRFiFKjQKWUuQK³EѫP´FӫDFKXWUuQKF{QJWiF ÿӝQJFѫNǤ GүQ ÿӝQJPi\QpQFӫDÿӝQJFѫNǤKRһFWăQJiSÿӝQJFѫNǤ - 7URQJFiFWәQKDR FѫJLӟLULrQJWәQKDRPDViWJLӳDSLVWRQ[HFPăQJYӟLWKành xyODQKFKLӃP· 60 %. Trong ÿyWәQKDRPDViWJLӳD[HFPăQJ OӟQKѫQWәQ KDRPDViWFӫD piston. Ma ViWWURQJFiFәWUөFFKLӃP·WәQKDRFKR FiFKjQKWUuQKEѫPNKRҧQJ·30 %. 0͙LTXDQ K͏ÿyÿ˱ͫF[iFÿ͓QKQK˱VDX Ne = Ni ± Nm (kW). ¾ (ge ) 0ӭFWLrXWKөQKLrQOLӋXFytFKÿѭӧF[iFÿӏQKQKѭVDX
  17. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 58 ge = Gnl ± 0ӭFWLrXWKөQKLrQOLӋXWURQJPӝWJLӡ NJJLӡ). Ne ± &{QJVXҩWFytFK. (kW). Hay gi = = ge. m 7URQJWKӵFWӃÿӝQJFѫ{W{- Pi\NpR WKѭӡQJOjÿӝQJFѫFDRWӕF Fyge NKRҧQJ·  JN:K ÿӕLYӟLÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOYjNKRҧQJ· JN:K ÿӕLYӟLÿӝQJ[ăQJ &iFWUӏVӕWKӵFWӃgi FӫDFiFORҥLÿӝQJFѫÿӕWWURQJQKѭVDX - ĈӝQJFѫ[ăQJ: gi = 210 ÷ 340 g/kW.h. - ĈӝQJFѫ'LHVHONǤ: gi = 150 ÷ 200 g/kW.h. - ĈӝQJFѫ'LHVHONǤ: gi = 170 ÷ 220 g/kW.h. Ĉ͡QJF˯FyWtQKNLQKW͇FjQJFDRWͱFOjFyJe FjQJQK͗. ͦFiFWjLOL͏XNͿWKX̵WWK˱ͥQJ FKRFiFWK{QJV͙ͧFK͇ÿ͡ÿ͓QKPͱFQK˱ ™ &{QJVX̭W1e N:KD\PmO͹F+3KR̿F3s). ͰQJYͣLV͙YzQJTXD\WUͭFNKXͽX USP KR̿F YJSK . 1HP = 0,746 kW; 1Ps = 735,5 w. ™ 0{PHQF͹Fÿ̩L0emax (N.m hay lb-ft); 1 lb-ft = 1,355 N.m. ͰQJYͣLYzQJTXD\WUͭFNKXͽX (rpm) KR̿F YJSK  ™ 7͙Fÿ͡YzQJTXD\Qe (v/ph). ™ 6X̭WWLrXKDRQKLrQOL͏XJe (g/kW.h). 9tGө Xe Toyota Prius /RҥLÿӝQJFѫ 1.5 l .LӇX 16Valve DOHC Dung tích xi lanh (cc) 1497 cm3 &{QJVXҩWFӵFÿҥL 110HP/ 5000 Vòng/phút 0{PHQ[RҳQFӵFÿҥL 82(lb-ft)/4200 Vòng/phút 6XҩWWLrXKDRQKLrQOLӋX - ĈѭӡQJNtQK[KjQKWUuQKSLVWRQ PP 75*85 +ӋWKӕQJSKXQQKLrQOLӋX 3KXQQKLrQOLӋXÿLӅXNKLӇQÿLӋQ Wӱ 7KӡLJLDQWăQJWӕFWӯÿӃQNPK N/A (giây) +ӝSVӕ CVT 7ӹVӕWUX\ӅQ 9{FҩS
  18. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 59 .
  19. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 60 Hình 58&iFORҥLÿӝQJFѫVӱGөQJQKLrQOLӋX[ăQJYjGҫXGLHVHO
  20. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 61 __@__ Bài 6: 1+Ұ1'Ҥ1*ĈӜ1*&Ѫ.ǣ. 7KͥLJLDQK /77+h) : : - . - . - . : 1. . ƒ +R̩Wÿ͡QJWKHRFKXNǤOêWKX\͇W. Hình 596ѫÿӗnguyên lý KRҥWÿӝQJFӫDÿӝQJFѫNǤ. ¾ Thì hút 3LVWRQÿLWӯ Ĉ&7[XӕQJÿLӇPĈ&'[XSDp hút mӣ.KLSLVWRQÿL[Xӕng tҥo ra mӝt áp thҩp bên trong xylanh (thҩSKѫQiSVXҩt khí trӡi khoҧng 0,1÷ 0,2 kg/cm2), GRÿy hӛn hӧp hoà khí (gӗP[ăQJYjNK{QJNKtÿӅu ÿѭӧc hoà trӝn) và ÿѭӧc hút vào trong xylanh qua ÿѭӡng xupap hút (van nҥp). Góc quay trөc khuӹu tӯ 00 ÷ 1800. ¾ Thì nén 3LVWRQÿLWӯ Ĉ&'OrQĈ&7Fҧ hai xupap ÿӅu ÿyQJNtQ, hӛn hӧp hoà khí bӏ nén lҥi. Ӣ cuӕi thì nén áp suҩt khoҧng p =10 ÷ 15 kg/cm2, t = 3000 ÷ 4000C (các nguyên tӱ chuyӇn
  21. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 62 ÿӝng hӛn loҥn, ma sát lүn nhau sinh ra nhiӋWÿӝ và áp suҩt cao). Trөc khuӹu hoàn thành mӝt vòng quay (3600) khi piston tӟLĈ&7 ¾ Hành trình cháy và giãn nӣ (sinh công). Ӣ cuӕi thì nén bugi nҽt tia lӱDÿLӋQÿӕt cháy khӕLKRjNKtÿDQJEӏ nén, cháy rҩt nhanh, màn lӱa lan tràn khҳp buӗQJÿӕt vӟi tӕFÿӝ khoҧng 20 m/s. Khí cháy có áp suҩt cao sӁ ÿҭ\SLVWRQÿL[Xӕng, lӵc này sӁ làm cho piston chuyӇQÿӝng. NhiӋWÿӝ lúc này khoҧng 20000 ÷ 25000C, p = 40 ÷ 60 kG/cm2. Góc quay trөc khuӹu 3600 ÷ 5400. ¾ Thì xҧ. Xupap xҧ (van xҧ) mӣ UDSLVWRQÿLWӯ Ĉ&'OrQĈ&7ÿҭy sҧn vұt cháy ra ngoài qua ÿѭӡng xupap xҧ (do sӵ chênh lӋch áp suҩt giӳa trong xylanh và áp suҩt khí trӡi). Lúc này góc quay trөc khuӹu là 5400 ÷ 7200, và hoàn thành mӝt chu trình công tác. Tóm lҥi 7URQJÿӝQJFѫWKu, chӍ có thì cháy - giãn nӣ là thì sinh công, còn 3 thì còn lҥi (hút, nén, xҧ) là các thì cҧn, ÿѭӧc thӵc hiӋn nhӡ ÿӝQJQăQJFӫDEiQKÿjKRһc nhӡ công cӫa các [\ODQKNKiF ÿӝQJFѫQKLӅu xylanh). 2 [ăQJ PӝW[LODQK . ¾ . Hình 60+jQKWUuQKOjPYLӋFFӫDÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJNǤ 7UөFNKXӹX;LODQK3LVWRQӔQJQҥS%ӝFKӃKzDNKt ;XSDSQҥS%XJL;XSDSWKҧLӔQJWKҧL7KDQKWUX\ӅQ
  22. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 63 ¾ . .KLÿӝQJFѫOjPYLӋFWUөFNKXӹXTXD\ WKHRFKLӅXPNJLWrQ FzQSLVWRQQӕLEҧQOӅ TXDWKDQKWUX\ӅQ10 YӟLWUөFNKXӹX 1VӁFKX\ӇQÿӝQJWӏQKWLӃQWURQJ[\ODQK0ӛLFKX WUuQKOjPYLӋFFӫDÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJEӕQNǤEDRJӗPKjQKWUuQKOjQҥSQpQFKi\- giãn QӣWKҧL WKӵFKLӋQP͡WO̯QVLQKF{QJ (trong hành trình cháy- JLmQQӣ ĈӇWKӵFKLӋQÿѭӧF QKѭYұ\WKuSLVWRQSKҧLGӏFKFKX\ӇQOrQ[XӕQJEӕQOҫQWѭѫQJӭQJYӟLKDLYzQJTXD\FӫD WUөFNKXӹXÿӝQJFѫ Wӯ0 ÷ 7200 &KXNǤOjPYLӋF WKӵFWӃ FӫDÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJEӕQNǤQKѭ sau. ¾ +jQKWUuQKQ̩S: TroQJKjQKWUuQKQj\NKLWUөFNKXӹXTXD\SLVWRQVӁGӏFKFKX\ӇQWӯĈ&7[XӕQJ Ĉ&'[XSDSQҥSPӣ[XSDSWKҧLÿyQJOjPFKRiSVXҩWWURQJ[\ODQKJLҧPYjGRÿy KRjNKtӣEӝFKӃKRjNKtTXDӕQJQҥSÿѭӧFK~WYjR[\ODQK Hình 61ĈӗWKӏF{QJYjÿӗWKӏSKӕLNKtFӫDÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJNǤ 7UrQÿӗWKӏF{QJ ÿӗWKӏELӇXGLӉQPӕLTXDQKӋJLӳDiSVXҩWYjWKӇWtFKOjPYLӋFFӫD [\ODQK ӭQJ YӟL PӛL Yӏ WUt NKiF QKDX FӫD SLVWRQ  KjQK WUuQK QҥS ÿѭӧF WKӇ KLӋQ EҵQJ ÿѭӡQJ U-D 7URQJKjQKWUuQKQҥS[XSDSQҥSWKѭӡQJ PӣVӟPWUѭӟFNKLSLVWRQOrQĈ&7 ELӇXWKӏEҵQJÿLӇPG1 ÿӇNKLSLVWRQÿӃQĈ&7 WKӡLÿLӇPEҳWÿҫXQҥS WKu[XSDSÿmÿѭӧF PӣWѭѫQJÿӕLOӟQOjPFKRWLӃWGLӋQOѭXWK{QJOӟQEҧRÿҧPKRjNKtÿLYjR[\ODQKQKLӅX KѫQ*yFӭQJ 1 ÿӗWKӏSKӕLNKt YӟLÿRҥQG1 ÿӗWKӏF{QJ ÿRÿѭӧFJӑLOjJyFPͧVͣP FӫD[XSDSQҥSĈӗQJWKӡL[XSDSQҥSFNJQJÿѭӧFÿyQJPXӝQKѫQPӝWFK~WVRYӟLYӏWUt SLVWRQӣĈ&' ÿLӇPG2 ÿӇOӧLGөQJÿӝFKkQNK{QJFzQOҥLWURQJ[\ODQKYjOӵFTXiQWtQK FӫDGzQJNKtQҥSOjPWăQJWKrPOѭӧQJKRjNKtQҥSYjR[\ODQK JLDLÿRҥQQҥSWKrP *yF ӭQJ 2 ÿӗ WKӏ SKӕL NKt  YӟL ÿRҥQ DG2 ÿӗ WKӏ F{QJ  ÿѭӧF JӑL Oj JyF ÿyQJ PXӝQ FӫD
  23. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 64 [XSDSQҥS9uYұ\TXiWUuQKQҥSNK{QJSKҧLNӃWWK~FWҥLĈ&'PjPXӝQKѫQPӝWFK~W QJKƭDOjVDQJFҧKjQKWUuQKQpQ7X\QKLrQWURQJPӝWVӕFKӃÿӝWӕFÿӝWKҩSGRTXiQWtQK FӫDGzQJNKtQҥSFzQQKӓ GRSd2 > p0 PӝWSKҫQP{LFKҩWÿmÿѭӧFQҥSYjRWURQJ[\ODQK EӏOӑWUDQJRjLWURQJJLDLÿRҥQJyFÿyQJPXӝQ[XSiSQҥSNKLÿyQJѭӡLWDJӑLOj³KLӋQ WѭӧQJWKRiLOXL´9uYұ\JyFTXD\WUөFNKXӹX WѭѫQJӭQJFӫDTXiWUuQKQҥSOj 0 ( 1 + 180 + 2 OӟQKѫQJyFWURQJKjQKWUuQKQҥS &XӕLTXiWUuQKQҥSiSVXҩWYj 2 0 QKLӋWÿӝFӫDKRjNKtWURQJ[\ODQKOj3a = 0,8 ÷ 0,9 kG/cm ; Ta = 350 ÷ 400 K. ¾ Hành trình nén: TURQJKjQKWUuQKQj\[XSDSQҥSYj [XSDSWKҧLÿӅXÿyQJ3LVWRQGӏFKFKX\ӇQWӯĈ&' OrQĈ&7KRjNKtWURQJ[\ODQKEӏQpQiSVXҩWYjQKLӋWÿӝFӫDQyWăQJOrQ+jQKWUuQKQpQ ÿѭӧFELӇXWKӏEҵQJÿѭӡQJDF´QKѭQJTXiWUuQKQpQWKӵFWӃFKӍEҳWÿҫXNKLFiF[XSDSQ̩S YjWK̫LÿyQJNtQKRjQWRjQWӭFOjO~FPjKRjNKtWURQJ[\ODQKÿmFiFKO\YӟLP{LWUѭӡQJ 0 ErQQJRjL'RÿyWKӡLJLDQWKӵFWӃFӫDTXiWUuQKQpQ  - 2 QKӓKѫQWKӡLJLDQKjQK WUuQKQpQOêWKX\ӃW 0 &XӕLKjQKWUuQKQpQ ÿLӇPF¶ EX-JLFӫDKӋWKӕQJÿiQKOӱD SKyQJWLDOӱDÿLӋQÿӇ ÿӕWFKi\KRjNKt*yFӭQJYӟLÿLӇPF¶KD\JyF s ÿѭӧFJӑLOjJyF ÿiQKOӱDVӟPFӫDÿӝQJFѫ&XӕLKjQKWUuQKQpQiSVXҩWYjQKLӋWÿӝFӫDKRjNKtWURQJ 2 0 xylanh là. Pc = 11 ÷ 15 kG/cm ; Tc = 500 ÷ 700 K. ¾ +jQKWUuQKFKi\JLmQQͧVLQKF{QJ: Trong hành WUuQKQj\[XSDSQҥSYjWKҧLÿyQJ'RKRjNKtÿѭӧFEXJLÿӕWFKi\ӣFXӕL KjQKWUuQKQpQQrQNKLSLVWRQYӯDÿӃQĈ&7WKuWӕFÿӝFKi\FӫDKRjNKtFjQJQKDQKOjP FKRiSVXҩWFӫDNKtFKi\WăQJOrQUҩWOӟQWURQJ[\ODQKYjÿѭӧFELӇXWKӏEҵQJÿѭӡQJF¶] WUrQÿӗWKӏF{QJ7LӃSWKHRTXiWUuQKFKi\OjTXiWUuQKJLmQQӣFӫDNKtFKi\ ÿѭӡQJ]E¶) SLVWRQEӏÿҭ\WӯĈ&7[XӕQJĈ&'YjSKiWVLQKF{QJFKRÿӃQNKL[XSDSWKҧLPӣVӟPWҥL ¶ ÿLӇPb ÿӗWKӏF{QJYjĮ3 ÿӗWKӏSKӕLNKtÈSVXҩWWөW[XӕQJÿӝWQJӝWWKӡLJLDQWKӵFWӃ là (ĮijV Į180 - Į3). ÈSVXҩWYjQKLӋWÿӝFӫDNKtFKi\OӟQQKҩWWURQJ[\ODQKOj 2 0 Pz = 40 ÷ 70 kG/cm ; Tz = 2300 ÷ 2800 K. ¾ +jQKWUuQKWK̫L: 7URQJKjQKWUuQKQj\[XSDSQҥSYүQÿyQJFzQ[XSDSWKҧLPӣ3LVWRQGӏFKFKX\ӇQWӯ Ĉ&'OrQĈ&7ÿҭ\NKtÿmFKi\TXDӕQJWKҧLUDQJRjL7UѭӟFNKLNӃWWK~FKjQKWUuQK cháy ± JLmQQӣVLQKF{QJ[XSDSWKҧLÿѭӧFPӣVӟPPӝWFK~WWUѭӟFNKLSLVWRQWӟLĈ&' ÿLӇPE¶ ÿӇJLҧPEӟWiSVXҩWWURQJ[\ODQKӣJLDLÿRҥQJLmQQӣGRÿyJLҧPÿѭӧFF{QJ WLrXKDRÿӇÿҭ\NKtUDNKӓL[\ODQK1JRjLUDNKLJLҧPiSVXҩWQj\WKuOѭӧQJVҧQSKҭP FKi\FzQOҥLWURQJ[\ODQKFNJQJJLҧPGRÿyJLҧPÿѭӧFF{QJWURQJTXiWUuQKWKҧLFKtQKYj
  24. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 65 JLҧPÿѭӧFOѭӧQJNKtVyWÿӗQJWKӡLWăQJÿѭӧFOѭӧQJKRjNKtQҥSYjR[\ODQK*yFӭQJYӟL ´ ÿRҥQE¶E ÿӗWKLF{QJ KD\JyF 3 ÿӗWKӏSKӕLNKt JӑLOjJyFPͧVͣP FӫD[XSDSWKҧL ĈӗQJWKӡLÿӇWKҧLVҥFKNKtFKi\UDNKӓL[\ODQK[XSDSWKҧLFNJQJÿѭӧFÿyQJPXӝQKѫQ PӝWFK~WVRYӟLWKӡLÿLӇPSLVWRQӣĈ&7 ÿLӇPU¶WUrQÿӗWKLF{QJ *yFӭQJYӟLÿRҥQUU¶ là góc 4 JӑLOjJyFÿyQJPX͡Q FӫD[XSDSWKҧL'R[XSDSWKҧLPӣVӟPYjÿyQJPXӝQ QrQJyFTXD\WUөFNKXӹXGjQKFKRTXiWUuQKWKҧL 3 + 180 + 4 OӟQKѫQJyFFӫDKjQK trình tKҧL 180 ÈSVXҩWYjQKLӋWÿӝFӫDNKtWKҧLOj 2 0 Pr = 1,0 ÷ 1,20 kG/cm ; Tr = 900 ÷ 1200 K. ¶ 7UrQÿӗWKӏF{QJÿRҥQG1r ELӇXWKӏWKӡLNǤWUQJÿL͏S FӫD[XSDSQҥSYj[XSDSWKҧLWӭF OjWKӡLNǤPjKDL[XSDSFQJPӣJyFӭQJYӟLÿRҥQG1U¶OjJyF 1 + 4 Jӑi là góc trùng ÿLӋSFӫDKDL[XSDS6DXNKLKjQKWUuQKWKҧLNӃWWK~FWKuÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJNǤPӝW[\ODQKÿm KRjQWKjQKPӝWFKXNǤOjPYLӋFYjFKX\ӇQVDQJchu trình WLӃSWKHR Hình 626ѫÿӗSKDSKӕLNKtFӫDÿӝQJFѫ1=-)( NǤ  3. diesel . ¾
  25. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 66 Hình 63&iFKjQKWUuQKOjPYLӋFFӫDÿӝQJFѫGLHVHONǤNK{QJWăQJiS 7UөFNKXӹX;\ODQK3LVWRQӔQJQҥS%ѫPFDRiS ;XSDSQҥS9zLSKXQ;XSDSWKҧLӔQJWKҧL7KDQKWUX\ӅQ ¾ 4XiWUuQKOjPYLӋFFӫD ÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOEӕQNǤFNJQJJLӕQJQKѭÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJNǤ QJKƭDOjSLVWRQFNJQJSKҧLWKӵFKLӋQEӕQKjQKWUuQKQҥSQpQFKiy-JLmQQӣWKҧL7URQJ ÿӝQJFѫGLHVHONǤTXiWUuQKQҥSYjQpQP{LFKҩWOjNK{QJNKt PjNK{QJSKҧLKRjNKt YjQKLrQOLӋXWӵFKi\GRNK{QJNKtQpQFyQKLӋWÿӝFDR PjNK{QJGQJWLDOӱDÿLӋQ  &KXNǤOjPYLӋFFӫDÿӝQJFѫGLHVHONǤQKѭVDX ¾ Hành trình Q̩S 7URQJKjQKWUuQKQj\NKLWUөFNKXӹXTXD\SLVWRQVӁGӏFKFKX\ӇQWӯĈ&7[XӕQJ Ĉ&'[XSDSQҥSPӣ[XSDSWKҧL ÿyQJOjPFKRiSVXҩWWURQJ[\ODQKJLҧPNK{QJ NKtӣErQQJRjLÿѭӧFQҥSYjRWURQJ[\ODQK&XӕLTXiWUuQKQҥSiSVXҩWYjQKLӋWÿӝFӫD 2 0 hoà khí trong xylanh là. Pa = 0,8 ÷ 0,9 kG/cm ; Ta = 330 ÷ 380 K. ¾ Hành trình nén: 7URQJKjQKWUuQKQj\[XSDSQҥS Yj[XSDSWKҧLÿӅXÿyQJ3LVWRQGӏFKFKX\ӇQWӯĈ&' OrQĈ&7KRjNKtWURQJ[\ODQKEӏQpQiSVXҩWYjQKLӋWÿӝFӫDQyWăQJOrQ+jQKWUuQKQpQ ÿѭӧFELӇXWKӏEҵQJÿѭӡQJDF´QKѭQJTXiWUuQKQpQWKӵFWӃFKӍEҳWÿҫXNKLFiF[XSDSQҥS YjWKҧLÿyQJNtQKRjQWRjQ WӭFOjO~FPjKRjNKtWURQJ[\ODQKÿmFiFKO\YӟLP{LWUѭӡQJ 0 ErQQJRjL'RÿyWKӡLJLDQWKӵFWӃFӫDTXiWUuQKQpQ  - 2 QKӓKѫQWKӡLJLDQKjQK WUuQKQpQOêWKX\ӃW 0 &XӕLKjQKWUuQKQpQ ÿLӇPF¶ YzLSKXQÿѭӧFEѫPFDRiS FҩSQKLrQOLӋXÿӇSKXQQKLrQOLӋXYjR[\ODQKKRjWUӝQYӟLNK{QJNKtFyQKLӋWÿӝFDRUӗL
  26. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 67 WӵEӕFFKi\ ÿӝQJFѫWӵFKi\ *yFӭQJYӟLÿLӇPF¶ JyF s ÿѭӧFJӑLOjgóc phun nhiên OL͏XVͣP FӫDÿӝQJFѫ&XӕLKjQKWUuQKQpQiSVXҩWYjQKLӋWÿӝFӫDKӛQKӧSNKtYjQKLrQ 2 0 OLӋXWURQJ xylanh là. Pc = 40 ÷ 50 kG/cm ; Tc = 800 ÷ 900 K. ¾ +jQKWUuQKFKi\JLmQQͧVLQKF{QJ 7URQJKjQKWUuQKQj\[XSDSQҥSYjWKҧLÿyQJ'RQKLrQOLӋXSKXQYjR[\ODQKӣFXӕL KjQKWUuQKQpQÿmÿѭӧFFKXҭQEӏYjWӵEӕFFKi\QrQNKLSLVWRQÿӃQĈ&7WKuQKLrQ OLӋX FKi\FjQJQKDQKOjPFKRiSVXҩWNKtFKi\WăQJOrQKRjNKtFKi\FjQJQKDQKOjPFKRiS VXҩWWURQJ[\ODQKWăQJOrQUҩWOӟQYjÿҭ\SLVWRQWӯĈ&7[XӕQJĈ&'TXDWKDQKWUX\ӅQ OjPTXD\WUөFNKXӹXYjSKiWVLQKF{QJ ÈSVXҩWYjQKLӋWÿӝOӟQQKҩWFӫDNKtFKiy trong xylanh là. 2 0 Pz = 60 ÷ 80 kG/cm ; Tz = 1900 ÷ 2200 K ¾ +jQKWUuQKWK̫L: 7URQJKjQKWUuQKQj\[XSDSQҥSYүQÿyQJFzQ[XSDSWKҧLPӣ3LVWRQGӏFKFKX\ӇQWӯ Ĉ&'OrQĈ&7ÿҭ\NKtFKi\TXD[XSDSWKҧLUDQJRjL 7UѭӟFNKLNӃWWK~FKjQKWUuQKFKi\JLmQQӣVLQKF{QJ[XSDSWKҧLÿѭӧFPӣVӟPPӝW FK~WWUѭӟFNKLSLVWRQWӟLĈ&' ÿLӇPE¶ ÿӇJLҧPEӟWiSVXҩWWURQJ[\ODQKӣJLDLÿRҥQ FXӕLTXiWUuQKJLmQQӣGRÿyJLҧPÿѭӧFF{QJWLrXKDRÿӇÿҭ\NKtUDNKӓL[\ODQK1JRjL UDNKLJLҧPiSVXҩWQj\WKuOѭӧQJNKtFKi\FzQOҥLWURQJ[\ODQKFNJQJJLҧPQKӡÿyWăQJ ´ ÿѭӧFOѭӧQJKRjNKtQҥSYjR[\ODQK*yFӭQJYӟLÿRҥQE¶E hay góc 3 JӑLOjJyFPӣ VӟPFӫD[XSDSWKҧL ĈӗQJWKӡLÿӇWKҧLVҥFKNKtFKi\UD NKӓL [\ODQK[XSDSWKҧLFNJQJ ÿѭӧFÿyQJPXӝQKѫQPӝWFK~WVRYӟLWKӡLÿLӇPSLVWRQӣĈ&7 ÿLӇPU¶ *yFӭQJYӟL ÿRҥQUU¶OjJyF 4 JӑLOjJyFÿyQJPX͡QFͯD[XSDSWK̫L. 'R[XSDSWKҧLPӣVӟPYjÿyQJ PXӝQQrQJyFTXD\WUөFNKXӹXӭQJYӟLTXiWUuQK WKҧL 3 + 180 + 4 OӟQKѫQFӫDKjQK WUuQKWKҧL 180 ÈSVXҩWYjQKLӋWÿӝFӫDNKt WKҧLOj 2 0 Pr = (1,1 ÷ 1,2) kG/cm ; Tr = (800 ÷ 900) K. 7UrQÿӗWKӏF{QJÿRҥQG1U¶ELӇXWKӏWKӡLNǤWUQJÿLӋSFӫD[XSDSQҥSYj[XSDSWKҧLWӭF OjWKӡLNǤPjKDL[XSDSFQJPӣJyFӭQJYӟLÿRҥQG1U¶OjJyF 1 + 4 JӑLOjJyFWUQJ ÿLӋSFӫDKDL[XSDS6DXNKLNӃWWK~FKjQKWUuQKWKҧLÿӝQJFѫOҥLOһSOҥLFKXWUuQKOjPYLӋF WLӃSWKHRĈӗWKӏF{QJYjÿӗWKӏSKӕLNKtFӫDÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOEӕQNǤFNJQJJҫQWѭѫQJWӵ QKѭFӫDÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJ
  27. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 68 %ҧQJ*yFSKӕLNKtJyFSKXQQKLrQOLӋX JyFÿiQKOӱD  Góc phun ;XSiSQҥS ;XSiSWKҧL QKLrQOLӋX JyFÿiQK /RҥL OӱDVӟP ÿӝQJFѫ 0ӣVӟP ĈyQJPXӝQ 0ӣVӟP WUѭӟF ĈyQJPXӝQ VDXĈ&' WUѭӟFĈ&' Ĉ&7 VDXĈ&7 0 0 ĈӝQJFѫ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 ¹ 30 5 ÷ 40 10 ÷ 50 30 ÷ 60 5 ÷ 35 [ăQJ ĈӝQJFѫ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 ÷ 30 45 ÷ 70 30 ÷ 60 5 ÷ 30 diesel 1KұQ[pWYӅQJX\rQOêOjPYLӋFFӫDÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJYjÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOEӕQNǤQKѭVDX 7URQJEӕQKjQKWUuQKFӫDSLVWRQFKӍFyPӝWKjQKWUuQKFKi\JLmQQӣVLQKF{QJED KjQKWUuQKFzQOҥLOjQKӳQJKjQKWUuQKFKXҭQEӏYjÿѭӧFWKӵFKLӋQQKӡÿӝQJQăQJKD\ quiQWtQKFӫDFiF Eӝ SKұQFKX\ӇQÿӝQJTXD\ WUzQ WUөFNKXӹXEiQKÿj Yj PӝWSKҫQ F{QJ VLQK UD FӫD QKӳQJ [\ODQK NKiF ÿӕL YӟL ÿӝQJ Fѫ QKLӅX [\ODQK 7KӡL ÿLӇP Pӣ Yj ÿyQJFӫDFiF[XSDSQҥSYjWKҧLNK{QJWUQJYӟLWKӡLÿLӇPSLVWRQӣĈ&7YjĈ&'ÿѭӧF JӑLOj³WKӡLÿLӇPSKӕLNKt´ Ĉk\FNJQJOjPӝWÿһFÿLӇPFѫEҧQÿӇSKkQELӋWJLӳD FKXWUuQKOjPYL͏FWK͹FW͇YͣLFKXWUuQKOjPYL͏FOêWKX\͇W7URQJFKXWUuQKOjPYLӋFOê WKX\ӃWFiF[XSDSWKҧLNK{QJPӣVӟPYjÿyQJPXӝQQKѭÿmQyLӣWUrQ7KӡLÿLӇPSKӕL NKtFNJQJQKѭFiFJyFӭQJYӟLWKӡLJLDQPӣYjÿyQJFӫDFiF[XSDSQҥSYjWKҧLÿѭӧFELӇX WKӏWUrQÿӗWKӏSKӕLNKt&iFJyFPӣVӟPYjÿyQJPXӝQ JyFSKӕLNKt FNJQJQKѭJyF SKXQQKLrQOLӋXKRһFJyFÿiQKOӱDӣFXӕLKjQKWUuQKQpQFyҧQKKѭӣQJQKLӅXÿӃQF{QJ VXҩWKLӋXVXҩWYjVXҩWWLrXKDRQKLrQOLӋX7K{QJWKѭӡQJFiFJyFQj\ÿѭӧF[iFÿӏQKEҵQJ SKѭѫQJSKiSWKӵFQJKLӋP . VӅ cҩu tҥo FѫEҧn giӕng hӋt nhau, chӍ NKiFOjÿӝQJFѫ'LHVHONK{QJFy bugi, bӝ chӃ hòa khí Yjÿѭӧc thay bҵQJEѫPFDRiSYjNLPSKXQ7Ӎ sӕ QpQÿӝQJFѫ 'LHVHOFDRKѫQ ÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJ. ¾ ˰XÿL͋P +LӋXVXҩWFӫDÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOOӟQKѫQÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJGRKDRSKtQKLrQOLӋXtWYjWӹVӕ QpQFDR9tGө1ӃXÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJFyVXҩWWLrXKDRQKLrQOLӋXOjJe= (150 ÷ 240) g/kW.h WKuÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOOjJe = (110 ÷ 190) JN:KQJKƭDOjOѭӧQJQKLrQOLӋXWLrXKDRӣÿӝQJ Fѫ GLHVHO Oj tW KѫQ ÿӝQJ Fѫ [ăQJ NKRҧQJ  ·   1KLrQ OLӋX GQJ WURQJ ÿӝQJ Fѫ GLHVHOOjGҫXGLHVHOUҿWLӅQYjtWJk\FKi\KѫQVRYӟL[ăQJGQJ WUrQÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJ
  28. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 69 +ӋWKӕQJQKLrQOLӋXFӫDÿӝQJFѫGLHVHO EѫPFDRiSYzLSKXQ tWEӏKѭKӓQJYjGӉGQJ KѫQKӋWKӕQJQKLrQOLӋXFӫD ÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJ GQJEӝFKӃ KRjNKtKRһF KӋWKӕQJSKXQ [ăQJÿLӋQWӱ«  ¾ 1K˱ͫFÿL͋P .tFKWKѭӟFYjWUӑQJOѭӧQJFӫDÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOOӟQKѫQÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJYuiSVXҩWNKt FKi\WURQJÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOOӟQ'RÿyWUӑQJOѭӧQJULrQJFӫDÿӝQJFѫGLHVHO WUӑQJOѭӧQJ WUrQPӝWÿѫQYӏF{QJVXҩWWtQKEҵQJN: OӟQKѫQWUӑQJOѭӧQJULrQJFӫDÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJ ·  ĈӝQJFѫ GLHVHOÿһFELӋW OjKӋWKӕQJQKLrQOLӋXFKӃWҥRNKyKѫQÿӝQJFѫ [ăQJGRÿyJLiWKjQKFӫDÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOWKѭӡQJFDRKѫQÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJÿӝQJFѫGLHVHO GQJQKLrQOLӋXQһQJNKyFKi\YjSKѭѫQJSKiSWҥRKRjNKtJLӳDQKLrQOLӋXSKXQVѭѫQJ YӟLNK{QJNKtNK{QJWӕWQrQNKyNKӣLÿӝQJ KѫQÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJ'RÿyF{QJVXҩWFӫD ÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOWKӵFWӃFRLQKѭEҵQJF{QJVXҩWFӫDÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJ NKLFQJWKӇWtFKF{QJ WiFYjVӕYzQJTXD\PһFGKLӋXVXҩWFӫDÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOFDRKѫQ  __@__ Bài 7: 1+Ұ1'Ҥ1*ĈӜ1*&Ѫ.ǣ 7KͥLJLDQK /7 TH: 5h) : : - . - . - . : . Qua khҧo sát hoҥWÿӝng FKXWUuQKÿӝQJFѫEӕn kǤ thҩy rҵQJĈӝQJFѫEӕn kǤ chӍ sӱ dөng mӝt nӱa thӡi gian cӫa chu trình làm chӭFQăQJFKXWUuQKFӫDÿӝQJFѫQKLӋt (kǤ nén và kǤ giãn nӣ), thӡi gian còn lҥi (kǤ hút và kǤ xҧ ÿӝQJFѫOjm viӋFQKѭmӝWEѫPNKt Khác vӟLÿӝQJFѫEӕn kǤWURQJÿӝQJFѫKDLNǤ FKXWUuQKF{QJWiFÿѭӧc thӵc hiӋn trong mӝt vòng quay trөc khuӹu (hoһc hai hành trình pitston). ViӋc thҧi sҥch sҧn vұt cháy khӓi xilanh và nҥSÿҫy môi chҩt mӟLYjR[LODQK QyLNKiFÿLOj TXiWUuQKWKD\ÿәi môi chҩt) ÿѭӧc thӵc hiӋn trong khu vӵc chuyӇQÿӝng cӫa pitston ӣ gҫQĈ&'/~Fÿҩy viӋc xҧ sҥch khí thҧi ra khӓL[LODQKÿѭӧc thӵc hiӋn không phҧi nhӡ pitston ÿҭy khí thҧi ra ngoài mà là
  29. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 70 nhӡ không khí hoһFKRjNKtÿѭӧFQpQWUѭӟc tӟi mӝt áp suҩt nhҩWÿӏnh. ViӋFQpQWUѭӟc không khí hoһc hoà khí ÿѭӧc thӵc hiӋn trong mӝWEѫPNKtTXpWULrQJ ÿӝQJFѫGLHVHO  7URQJÿӝQJFѫKDLNǤ cӥ nhӓ QJѭӡi ta dùng không gian cacte cӫDFѫFҩu trөc khuӹu thanh truyӅn và pitston ÿӝQJFѫOjPEѫPNKtTXpW7URQJTXiWUuQKWKD\ÿәi môi chҩt trong ÿӝQJFѫ hai kǤ, mӝt phҫn môi chҩt mӟi (không khí hoһFKRjNKt FKѭa tham gia FKi\ÿmFQJ khí xҧ rӡi khӓL[LODQKTXDÿѭӡng thҧi gây nên tәn thҩt môi chҩt mӟi. 2. Vӱ GөQJQKLrQOLӋX [ăQJ PӝW[LODQK. ¾ Hình 641JX\rQOtOjPYLӋFÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJKDLNuNK{QJFy[XSDSWKҧL &iFWH7KDQKWUX\ӅQĈѭӡQJQӕLWK{QJNK{QJJLDQErQGѭӟLSLVWRQYӟLÿѭӡQJ GүQNKtTXpW-QҥSĈѭӡQJGүQNKtTXpW&ӱDTXpW3LVWRQ;\ODQK1ҳS[L ODQK%XJL&ӱD[ҧ%ӝFKӃKzDNKt&ӱDK~W7UөFNKXӹX ¾ + .Ǥ hành trình sinh công và thay khí. TURQJKjQKWUuQKQj\SLVWRQÿLWӯĈ&7[XӕQJĈ&'GRKRjNKtÿmÿѭӧFÿӕWFKi\ӣ hành trình QpQ ÿѭӡQJ F ] P FӫD ÿӗ WKӏ F{QJ  ÿҭ\ SLVWRQ ÿL [XӕQJ Ĉ&' TXD WKDQK WUX\ӅQOjPTXD\WUөFNKXӹXSKiWVLQKF{QJ.KLSLVWRQGӏFKFKX\ӇQGҫQWӟLĈ&' FӱDWKҧLGҫQPӣ ÿLӇPP, ÿӗWKӏF{QJ Yj ÿLӇPE ÿӗWKӏSKӕLNKt GүQÿӃQiSVXҩWÿӝW QJӝW JLҧP Wrong xi lanh. Lúc này khí cháy sau khi cháy- JLmQ Qӣ Fy iS VXҩW  ·  2 2 kG/cm OӟQKѫQiSVXҩWNKtWUӡL S0 = 1kG/cm ÿѭӧFWKҧLWӵGRUDQJRjL&ӱDQҥSFy FKLӅXWKҩSKѫQFӱDWKҧLFNJQJÿѭӧFPӣ ÿLӇPQ, ÿӗWKӏF{QJYjGÿӗWKӏSKӕLNKt +oà khí ӣGѭӟLFiFWHEӏQpQEӣLSLVWRQFyiSVXҩW ·N*FP2 FDRKѫQiSVXҩWFӫDNKtFKi\
  30. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 71 FzQOҥLWURQJ[\ODQK aN*FP2 VӁWKHRÿѭӡQJGүQNKtTXDFӱDQҥSYjR[\ODQK NKtQҥSQj\YzQJTXDÿӍQKOӗLSLVWRQOrQEXӗQJÿӕWÿӇTXpWVҥFKSKҫQNKtFKi\FzQOҥL quDFӱD[ҧÿӗQJWKӡLQҥSP{LFKҩWPӟLFKR[LODQK ÿѭӡQJQD QKѭYұ\NKtQҥSPӟL JySSKҫQOjPVҥFKKRjNKtFKi\WURQJÿyYjWҥRÿLӅXNLӋQFKRKjQKWUuQKVDXÈSVXҩWYj QKLӋWÿӝFӫDNKtFKi\WURQJ[\ODQKOj p = (40 ÷ 70) kG/cm2; T = (2000 ÷ 2300)0 K. 1KѭYұ\WURQJ[LODQK - Cháy-JLmQQͧ- WK̫LW͹GR- TXpWNKtWK̫LYjQ̩SP{LFK̭WPͣL Trong cacte. Ép hòa khí. 2 P (Mn/m ) Z C c m n m n a V (lít) Vc Vh Vn Vh ĈCT ĈCD A B Hình 65ĈӗWKӏF{QJYjÿӗWKӏSKӕLNKtFӫDÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJNǤORҥLNK{QJFy[XSDS ĈӗWKӏF{QJ - (m ± ĈLӇPPӣFӱD[ҧQ± ĈLӇPPӣFӱDQҥSQ¶ ± ĈLӇPÿyQJFӱDQҥS m¶ ± ĈLӇPÿyQJFӱD[ҧ  ĈӗWKӏSKӕLNKt - (a ± 9ӏWUtÿyQJFӱD[ҧE± 9ӏWUtPӣFӱD[ҧF¶ ± 9ӏWUtEұWWLDOӱDÿLӋQ d & d¶ ± 9ӏWUtPӣFӱDQҥSYjÿyQJFӱDQҥS 
  31. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 72 ¾ .ǤKjQKWUuQK . 7URQJKjQKWUuQKQj\NKLWUөFNKXӹXTXD\SLVWRQGӏFKFKX\ӇQWӯĈ&'OrQĈ&7 VӁOjPWăQJNK{QJJLDQErQGѭӟLSLVWRQNKLSLVWRQPӣFӱDK~WNKLӃQiSVXҩWӣÿk\ WKҩSKѫQiSVXҩWNKtWUӡL FyÿӝFKkQNK{QJ 1KӡÿyNK{QJNKtQJRjLP{LWUѭӡQJÿѭӧF hút WU͹FWL͇S TXDEӝFKӃKzDNKtÿLYjRNK{QJJLDQFDFWH4XiWUuQKK~WKzDNKtYjR FDFWHYүQWLӃSWөFFKRÿӃQNKLSLVWRQÿyQJFӱDQҥSWҥL ÿLӇPQ¶ ÿӗWKӏF{QJYjd ÿӗWKӏ SKӕLNKt JLDLÿRҥQWӯNKLÿyQJWҥLÿLӇPQ¶ ÿӃQNKLWLӃSWөFÿyQJWҥLÿLӇP P¶ FӱD[ҧ ÿӗ WKӏcông YjÿLӇPDÿӗWKӏSKӕLNKt JLDLÿRҥQQj\JӑLOjJLDLÿR̩QO͕WNKt. 7ӯNKLÿyQJ FӱD[ҧWҥLP¶WLӃSWKHROjJLDLÿRҥQQpQFKRÿӃQNKLEXJLEұWWLDOӱDÿLӋQ VӟPWUѭӟFNKL SLVWRQOrQĈ&7, quá trình cháy-JLmQQӣOҥLEҳWÿҫX 1KѭYұ\WURQJ[LODQK. - 1̩SKzDNKtO͕WNKtWK̫LNKtFKi\QpQP{LFK̭WYjFKi\ Trong cacte. - 1̩SKzDNKt ӢFXӕLKjQKWUuQKQpQiSVXҩWYjQKLӋWÿӝFӫDKRjNKtWURQJ[\ODQKOj p = (6 ÷ 10) kG/cm2 ; T = (400 ÷ 600)0 K . 3. diesel PӝW[LODQK ¾ Hình 66&iFKjQKWUuQKOjPYLӋFFӫDÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOKDLNǤFy[XSiSWKҧL 7UөFNKXӹX7KDQKWUX\ӅQ0i\QpQNKt;\ODQK9zLSKXQ;XSiSWKҧL 3LVWRQ%XӗQJNKt&ӱDWKәL
  32. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 73 Hình 67ĈӗWKӏF{QJYjÿӗWKӏSKӕLNKtFӫDÿӝQJFѫGLHVHONǤORҥLFy[XSDSWKҧL ¾ ĈӝQJFѫGLHVHOKDLNǤFyÿһFÿLӇPOjNK{QJGQJFiFWHÿӇFKӭDYjWKәLNKtPjGQJ Pi\QpQNKtULrQJÿӇWKәLNKtWUӵFWLӃSYjRWURQJ[\ODQK&KXWUuQKOjPYLӋFFӫDÿӝQJFѫ Qj\QKѭVDX ¾ .ǤKành trình sinh công và thay khí. 7URQJKjQKWUuQKQj\GRQKLrQOLӋXÿmÿѭӧFÿӕWFKi\YjNK{QJNKtQpQӣQKLӋWÿӝFDR FXӕLKjQKWUuQKQpQFKi\QKDQK ÿѭӡQJF]FӫDÿӗWKӏF{QJ OjPFKRiSVXҩWWăQJOrQYj ÿҭ\SLVWRQWӯĈ&7[XӕQJĈ&'TXDWKDQKWUX\ӅQOjPTXD\WUөFNKXӹXWKӵFKLӋQTXi WUuQKF{QJWiF VLQKF{QJ .KLSLVWRQGӏFKFKX\ӇQJҫQWӟLĈ&'VҳSPӣFӱDWKәLWKu xupap PӣWUѭӟF+zDNKtVDXNKLFKi\-JLmQQӣFyiSVXҩW ·N*FP2 OӟQKѫQiS VXҩWNKtWUӡLÿѭӧFWKҧLUDQJRjLWӵGRiSVXҩWWURQJ[LODQKWөWQKDQK ÿRҥQE¶d). Piston PӣFӱDWKәLPXӝQKѫQÿӗQJWKӡLNK{QJNKtPӟLӣErQQJRjLTXDEuQKOӑFQKӡPi\ QpQNKtEXӗQJNKtYjFӱDWKәLFXQJFҩSYjR[\ODQKYӟLiSVXҩWNKRҧQJ ·  kG/cm2 OӟQKѫQiSVXҩWNKtWKҧLFzQOҥLWURQJ[\ODQK ·N*FP2 WLӃSWөFÿҭ\VҧQ YұWFKi\FzQOҥLTXD[XSDSWKҧLYjWKD\WKӃNKt[ҧQҥSÿҫ\[LODQKÈSVXҩWYjQKLӋWÿӝ FӫDNKtFKi\WURQJ[\ODQKOjS  · N*FP2 ; T = (1900 ÷ 2100)2 K. 6DXKjQKWUuQKVLQKF{QJYjWKD\NKtQӃXWUөFNKXӹXYүQTXD\WKuTXiWUuQKOjPYLӋF FӫDÿӝQJFѫOһSOҥLQKѭWUrQ
  33. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 74 ¾ .ǤKjQKWUuQKQpQ . Trong hành trình nj\NKLWUөFNKXӹXTXD\SLVWRQGӏFKFKX\ӇQWӯĈ&'OrQĈ&7 &ӱDWKәLÿѭӧFSLVWRQÿyQJNtQÿӗQJWKӡLKRһFPXӝQKѫQVRYӟL[XSDSWKҧLNK{QJNKt FyVҹQWURQJ[\ODQKEӏQpQiSVXҩWYjQKLӋWÿӝFӫDQyWăQJOrQFKRÿӃQNKLSLVWRQJҫQ ÿӃQĈ&7NKRҧQJ 100 ÷ 300 JyFTXD\WUөFNKXӹX YzLSKXQFӫDKӋWKӕQJQKLrQOLӋXVӁ SKXQQKLrQOLӋXYӟLiSVXҩWFDR ·N*FP2 KuQKWKjQKKӛQKӧSYӟLNK{QJNKt QpQFyQKLӋWÿӝFDROjPFKRQKLrQOLӋXQj\WӵFKi\ÿѭӧF&XӕLKjQKWUuQKQpQiSVXҩWYj QKLӋWÿӝFӫDNhông khí nén trong xylanh là: p = (40 ÷ 50) kG/cm2 ; T = (800 ÷ 900)2 K. 7URQJÿӝQJFѫNǤPӝWSKҫQKjQKWUuQK6n GQJÿӇWKD\ÿәLP{LFKҩWVӁNK{QJWKӵF ¶ KLӋQTXiWUuQKVLQKF{QJ'RÿyWKӇWtFKF{QJWiFWKӵFWӃFӫD[LODQKV h NKL[XSDSWKҧL ÿyQJYjSLVWRQWӯf ÿLOrQÿӃQĈ&7 ¶ V h = Vh - Vn (Vn WѭѫQJӭQJÿRҥQDI . ¶ = 1KұQ[pWQJX\rQOêOjPYLӋFFӫDÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJKDLNǤYjÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOKDLNǤQKѭVDX 7URQJKDLKjQKWUuQKFӫD SLVWRQWKuFKӍFyPӝWKjQKWUuQKVLQKF{QJFzQFiFKjQK WUuQKFzQOҥLÿѭӧFWKӵFKLӋQQKӡÿӝQJQăQJKD\TXiQWtQKFӫDFiFEӝSKұQFKX\ӇQÿӝQJ TXD\WUzQ WUөFNKXӹXEiQKÿj YjPӝWSKҫQF{QJVLQKUDWӯQKӳQJ[\ODQKNKiFÿӕLYӟL ÿӝQJFѫQKLӅX[\ODQKÈSVXҩWFӫDKRjNKtKRһFNK{QJNKtWKәLYjR[\ODQKOӟQKѫQiS VXҩWNKtWUӡL'RÿySKҧLGQJEѫPWKәLNKtKD\Pi\QpQNKtGRWUөFNKXӹXGүQÿӝQJQrQ F{QJVXҩWÿӝQJFѫFNJQJSKҧLJLҧPÿL7URQJTXiWUuQKOjPYLӋFFyPӝWSKҫQKjQKWUình FӫDSLVWRQGQJÿӇWKәLYjWKҧLNKtNKLWKәLNKtFyPӝWSKҫQQKLrQOLӋXYjNK{QJNKtPӟL WKHRNKtWKҧLUDQJRjLÈSVXҩWYjQKLӋWÿӝFӫDKRjNKtKRһFNK{QJNKtӣFXӕLTXiWUuQK QpQFNJQJQKѭTXiWUuQKFKi\YjJLmQQӣSKөWKXӝFQKLӅXYjRYӏWUtFӫDFӱDWKәLFӱDWKҧL YjWӹVӕQpQFӫDÿӝQJFѫ7URQJÿӝQJFѫKDLNǤTXiWUuQKWKәL QҥS QpQFKi\JLmQQӣ YjWKҧLNK{QJÿѭӧFWKӇKLӋQU}UjQJӣPӛLKjQKWUuQKQKѭÿӝQJFѫNǤ'RÿyÿӝQJFѫ KDLNǤKjQKWUuQKWKӭQKҩWOj KjQKWUuQKVLQKF{QJWKҧLYjWKәL FzQKjQKWUuQKWKӭKDLOj KjQKWUuQKWKәLWKҧLYjQpQYY« ¾ . ˰XÿL͋P ĈӝQJFѫKDLNǤFyVӕKjQKWUuQKVLQKF{QJJҩSÿ{L NKLFQJVӕYzQJTXD\Q YjFy F{QJVXҩWOӟQKѫQNKRҧQJ ·  NKLFQJWKӇWtFKOjPYLӋF9h YjVӕYzQJTXD\Q  VRYӟLÿӝQJFѫNǤĈӝQJFѫKDLNǤFKҥ\ÿӅXYjrPKѫQÿӝQJFѫNǤYuPӛLYzQJTXD\ FӫDWUөFNKXӹXFyPӝWKjQKWUuQKVLQKF{QJ'RÿyYӟLFiFÿLӅXNLӋQQKѭQKDX 6'LYj
  34. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 75 Q WKuӣÿӝQJFѫKDLNǤ FyWKӇGQJEiQKÿjOҳSWUrQWUөFNKXӹXFyNtFKWKѭӟFYjWUӑQJ OѭӧQJQKӓKѫQVRYӟLÿӝQJFѫNǤĈӝQJFѫKDLNǤNK{QJFy[XSDSQҥSYjQӃXGQJ caFWHÿӇWKәLNKtYjR[\ODQKWKuFҩXWҥRÿѫQJLҧQYjGӉVӱGөQJKѫQVRYӟLÿӝQJFѫEӕQ NǤ« 1K˱ͫFÿL͋P HLӋXVXҩWFӫDÿӝQJFѫKDLNǤQKӓKѫQVRYӟLÿӝQJFѫEӕQNǤGRFyVӵKDRSKtQKLrQ OLӋXWURQJTXiWUuQKWUDRÿәLNKt1KLӋWÿӝWURQJTXiWUuQKOjPYLӋFFӫDÿӝQJFѫKDLNǤOӟQ KѫQVRYӟLÿӝQJFѫNǤGRFyVӕOҫQVLQKF{QJQKLӅXKѫQOjPFKRÿӝQJFѫEӏÿӕWnóng YjÿһFELӋWÿӕLYӟLÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOGӉEӏEiPPXӝLWKDQӣEXӗQJFKi\YY 7URQJÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJKDLNǤQӃXGQJFiFWHFKӭDGҫXE{LWUѫQÿӇWKәLNKtWKuGӉOjP KӓQJGҫXE{LWUѫQ&ăQFӭYjRQKӳQJѭXÿLӇPWUrQÿӝQJFѫ[ăQJKDLNǤWKѭӡQJÿѭӧF GQJӣ ÿӝQJFѫFyF{QJVXҩWQKӓ9tGөÿӝQJFѫSKөӣPi\NpRÿӝQJFѫPi\SKXQ WKXӕFYjPӝWVӕÿӝQJFѫP{W{[HPi\&zQÿӝQJFѫGLHVHOKDLNǤOҥLÿѭӧFGQJQKLӅXӣ ÿӝQJFѫFyF{QJVXҩWWUXQJEuQKYjOӟQYtGөÿӝQJFѫRWRWjXWKXӹÿҫXPi\[HOӱDPi\ [k\GӵQJYjPi\SKiWÿLӋQ __@__ Bài 8: 1+Ұ1'Ҥ1*ĈӜ1*&Ѫ1+,ӄ8;,/$1+ 7KͥLJLDQK /77+K : : - - : . ĈӝQJFѫPӝW[\ODQKWKuFKӍFyPӝWKjQKWUuQKOjVLQKF{QJFzQFiFKjQKWUuQKNKiFOj WLrXKDRF{QJYjOjPFKRWUөFNKXӹXTXD\NK{QJÿӅX0XӕQWUөFNKXӹXTXD\ÿӅXKRһF KD\ÿӝQJFѫOjPYLӋFrPKѫQSKҧLGQJEiQKÿjFyNtFKWKѭӟFYjWUӑQJOѭӧQJQKҩWÿӏQK OҳSWUrQWUөFNKXӹXĈӇWăQJF{QJVXҩWOjPFKRWUөFNKXӹXTXD\ÿӅXYjJLҧPNtFKWKѭӟF FNJQJQKѭWUӑQJOѭӧQJFӫDEiQKÿjWKѭӡQJGQJÿӝQJFѫQKLӅX[\ODQK6ӕ[\ODQKFӫD ÿӝQJFѫFyWKӇOj[\ODQK7URQJÿӝQJFѫQKLӅX[\ODQKKuQKGiQJWUөF NKXӹXÿһFELӋWOjJyFO͏FKFͯDWUͭFNKXͽX FyҧQKKѭӣQJQKLӅXÿӃQTXiWUuQKOjPYLӋF FӫDÿӝQJFѫ*yFOӋFKFӫDWUөFNKXӹXWѭѫQJӭQJYӟLKDLFәELrQFӫDKDL[\ODQKOjPYLӋF KRһFVLQKF{QJNӃWLӃSQKDXFyWKӇ[iFÿӏQKQKѭVDX
  35. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 76 įk = 7URQJÿy - įk ± *yFOӋFKF{QJWiF - IJ- OjVӕNǤFӫDÿӝQJFѫ ÿӝQJFѫNǤ  - i - Vӕ[\ODQKFӫDÿӝQJFѫ .KLEӕWUtJyFOӋFKWUөFNKXӹXWKѭӡQJ[pWÿӃQÿLӅXNLӋQFkQEҵQJFӫDÿӝQJFѫÿӇEҧR ÿҧP FKR ÿӝQJ Fѫ OjP YLӋF tW Eӏ UXQJ ÿӝQJ 'R ÿy ӣ ÿӝQJ Fѫ Fy KDL [\ODQK JyF OӋFK NKXӹXWUөFWKѭӡQJOj0 QJKƭDOjWUөFNKXӹXFyFәELrQӣKDLSKtDÿӕLGLӋQQKDX1JRjL UDÿӝQJFѫQKLӅX[\ODQKOjPYLӋFÿѭӧFrPWKuSKҧLEӕWUtWKӭWӵOjPYLӋFKRһFFKRVLQK F{QJFӫDFiF[\ODQKKӧSOê6DXÿk\OjPӝWYtGөYӅNKXӹXWUөFYjWKӭ WӵOjPYLӋFFӫD FiF[\ODQKӣÿӝQJFѫQKLӅX[\ODQK 2. . ¾ F˯ . Hình 686ѫÿӗNӃWFҩXWUөFNKXӹX± WKDQKWUX\ӅQFӫDÿӝQJFѫNǤ [LODQKJyFOӋFKF{QJWiF0 . 9ӟLÿӝQJFѫEӕQNǤEӕQ[\ODQKPӝWKjQJ WKӭWӵF{QJWiF-3-4- &yJyFOӋFK 0 F{QJWiFOjįk = 180 FyEҧQJF{QJWiFQKѭVDX
  36. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 77 0 (00 ÷ 1800) (1800 ÷ 3600) (3600 ÷ 5400) (5400 ÷ 7200) Xy lanh 1 1ҥS Nén 1ә 7KҧL 2 Nén 1ә 7KҧL 1ҥS 3 7KҧL 1ҥS Nén 1ә 4 1ә 7KҧL 1ҥS Nén .KLWUөFNKXӹXTXD\ÿѭӧc 3/4 YzQJWKӭ hai[\ODQKÿDQJӣNǤ cháy ± JLmQQӣ, piston WӯĈ&7[XӕQJĈ&'NKLÿySLVWRQFӫD[\ODQKWKӭFNJQJWӯĈ&7[XӕQJĈ&'QKѭQJ OҥLWURQJTXiWUuQKQҥS3LVWRQFӫD[\ODQKWKӭYjWKӭFNJQJÿLWӯĈ&'OrQĈ&7QKѭQJ x\ODQKÿDQJWURQJTXiWUuQKWKҧLFzQ[\ODQKWURQJTXiWUuQKQpQ .KLWUөFNKXӹXTXD\ WLӃSQӱDYzQJcuӕLWKӭ 2 (5400 ÷ 7200 SLVWRQFӫD[\ODQKYjÿӅXWӯĈ&'OrQĈ&7 QKѭQJ[\ODQKWKӵFKLӋQTXiWUuQKWKҧL FzQ[\ODQKÿDQJWKӵFKLӋn quá trình nén. Piston FӫD[\ODQKYjÿӅXWӯĈ&7[XӕQJĈ&'QKѭQJ[\ODQKWKӵFKLӋQTXiWUuQKQҥS còn [\ODQKÿDQJWKӵFKLӋn quá trình cháy ± JLmQQӣ1KѭYұ\NKLWUөFNKXӹXTXD\KӃWKDL YzQJWӭFOjWӯ0 ÷ 7200 PӛL[\ODQKFӫDÿӝQJFѫÿӅXKRjQWKjQKPӝWFKXWUuQKOjPYLӋF JӗPEӕQKjQKWUuQKOjQҥSQpQFKi\-JLmQQӣYjWKҧL.KLWUөFNKXӹXTXD\WLӃSÿӝQJFѫ FKX\ӇQVDQJFKXWUuQKOjPYLӋFWLӃSWKHROһSOҥLQKѭFiFKjQKWUuQKWUrQ ¾ F˯ . 6ѫÿӗNӃWFҩXWUөFNKXӹX Hình 696ѫÿӗFҩXWҥRWUөFNKXӹX- WKDQKWUX\ӅQFӫDÿӝQJFѫEӕQNǤ [\ODQKJyFOӋFKF{QJWiF0.
  37. .ͿWKX̵WFKXQJRWR Hoàng Thanh Xuân 2010 78 . 9ӟLÿӝQJFѫEӕQNǤViX[\ODQKPӝWKjQJ WKӭWӵF{QJWiF-5-3-6-2- &yJyFOӋFK 0 F{QJWiFOjįk = 120 FyEҧQJF{QJWiFQKѭVDX 0 Xi 00 ÷ 1200 1200 ÷ 2400 2400 ÷ 3600 3600 ÷ 4800 4800 ÷ 6000 6000 ÷ 7200 lanh 1 1ҥS Nén 1ә 7KҧL 2 Nén 1ә 7KҧL 1ҥS Nén 3 1ә 7KҧL 1ҥS Nén 1ә 4 1ҥS Nén 1ә 7KҧL 1ҥS 5 7KҧL 1ҥS Nén 1ә 7KҧL 6 1ә 7KҧL 1ҥS Nén ¾ F˯ . . Hình 706ѫÿӗFҩXWҥRWUөFNKXӹX± WKDQKWUX\ӅQFӫDÿӝQJFѫNǤ 8 xi lanh. *yFOӋFKNKXӹX0 . . 9ӟLÿӝQJFѫNǤ[LODQKFKӳ9=LOWKӭWӵQәOj-5-4-2-6-3-7-8.
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